docs(release): bump to v4.2 with changelog and update metadata

AIDL methods use codes 1..0x00ffffff. System transactions like
PING_TRANSACTION (0x5f4e4750) fall above that range. Intercepting
pings forces a full JNI round-trip to Java and back, adding enough
latency for timing detectors to flag the ratio (3.85x vs 3.0x
threshold). Early-return for codes above LAST_CALL_TRANSACTION
eliminates this overhead while preserving all AIDL interception.

README.md

@@ -1,32 +1,124 @@
-# TEESimulator – A Full TEE Emulation Framework
+<p align="center">
+  <h1 align="center">🔐 TEESimulator</h1>
+  <p align="center"><b>Full TEE Emulation for Rooted Android</b></p>
+  <p align="center">Hardware attestation. Software keys. Zero detection.</p>
+  <p align="center">
+    <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/version-v4.0-blue?style=for-the-badge" alt="v4.0">
+    <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/Android-10%2B-green?style=for-the-badge&logo=android" alt="Android 10+">
+    <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/Telegram-community-blue?style=for-the-badge&logo=telegram" alt="Telegram">
+  </p>
+</p>
 
-**TEESimulator** is a system module designed to create a complete, software-based simulation of a hardware-backed Trusted Execution Environment ([TEE](https://source.android.com/docs/security/features/trusty)) for [Key Attestation](https://developer.android.com/privacy-and-security/security-key-attestation).
+---
 
-The project's goal is to move beyond simple certificate patching and build a robust framework that can create and manage virtual, self-consistent cryptographic keys.
+> [!NOTE]
+> **This is a personal fork of [JingMatrix/TEESimulator](https://github.com/JingMatrix/TEESimulator)** with additional hardening, native Rust certificate generation, key persistence, and anti-detection features. For the upstream project, see the original repo.
 
-## ✨ Core Principles
+---
 
-*   **Bypass Hardware-Backed Attestation:** The primary goal of this project is to defeat Key Attestation, a security mechanism that allows apps to verify that they are running on a secure, unmodified device. This module provides the tools to bypass these checks on rooted or modified devices.
+## 🧬 What is TEESimulator?
-*   **Stateful Emulation:** Instead of patching responses from the real TEE, the ultimate goal is to create and manage virtual keys entirely in a simulated software environment. Any request concerning a virtual key will be handled by the simulator, ensuring perfect consistency without ever touching the real hardware.
-*   **Architectural Interception:** By hooking low-level Binder IPC calls to the Keystore, the framework can transparently redirect requests for virtual keys to the software-based simulator, while allowing requests for real keys to pass through to the hardware TEE.
-*   **100% FOSS:** Licensed under GPLv3, ensuring it stays free, auditable, and compliant with open-source laws.
 
-## 📱 Requirements
+TEESimulator is a **complete software simulation** of Android's hardware-backed [Trusted Execution Environment](https://source.android.com/docs/security/features/trusty) for [Key Attestation](https://developer.android.com/privacy-and-security/security-key-attestation). Instead of patching certificates from the real TEE after the fact, TEESimulator intercepts Binder IPC at the `ioctl` level and generates entire certificate chains from scratch — signed by your keybox, with correct attestation extensions, indistinguishable from hardware-generated keys.
-- Android 10 or above
 
-## 📦 Installation & Configuration
+The result: **apps that verify hardware attestation see a legitimate, unmodified device** — even on rooted hardware with an unlocked bootloader.
 
-1.  Flash this module via (Magisk / KernelSU / APatch) and reboot. It will replace [TrickyStore](https://github.com/5ec1cff/TrickyStore), [TrickyStoreOSS](https://github.com/beakthoven/TrickyStoreOSS) and their forks.
+> **This is not TrickyStore.** TEESimulator replaces TrickyStore and its forks entirely. It shares the same config paths for drop-in compatibility, but the architecture is fundamentally different: native Rust certificate generation, binder-level interception via `lsplt`, per-UID rate limiting, key persistence, and a multi-layer defense against detector apps.
-2.  (Optional) Place a hardware-backed `keybox.xml` at `/data/adb/tricky_store/keybox.xml`. This provides the cryptographic "root of trust" for the simulator.
-3.  (Optional) Customize target packages in `/data/adb/tricky_store/target.txt`.
-4.  (Optional) Customize the simulated security patch level in `/data/adb/tricky_store/security_patch.txt`.
-5.  Enjoy!
 
-**All configuration files are monitored and will take effect immediately upon saving.**
+---
+
+## 🔥 Why TEESimulator?
+
+🔐 **Native Cert Generation** — v4.0 generates X.509 certificate chains in Rust with `ring` and manual DER encoding. No BouncyCastle overhead, no Java crypto quirks, byte-perfect issuer chain linkage.
+
+🎯 **Binder-Level Interception** — Hooks `ioctl()` on `libc.so` via `lsplt` inside the `keystore2` process. Intercepts `generateKey`, `importKey`, and `getKeyEntry` transactions before the HAL ever sees them.
+
+🛡️ **Detector Resistant** — Per-UID rate limiting blocks DuckDetector-style keygen flooding. Oversized challenges rejected with real KeyMint error codes. Chain consistency verified byte-for-byte.
+
+💾 **Key Persistence** — Generated keys survive reboots. Apps that store attestation keys (banking, biometrics) don't break after a restart.
+
+🔧 **Drop-In Replacement** — Same config paths as TrickyStore (`/data/adb/tricky_store/`). Swap the module ZIP, keep your keybox and target list.
+
+---
+
+## ✨ Features
+
+**Core Attestation Engine**
+- [x] **Full certificate chain generation** — leaf + intermediates + root, signed by your keybox
+- [x] **Native Rust certgen** — `libcertgen.so` built with `ring`, `rsa`, and manual DER assembly
+- [x] **BouncyCastle fallback** — unsupported curves (P-224, P-521, Curve25519) fall back to Java
+- [x] **ASN.1 attestation extensions** — OID 1.3.6.1.4.1.11129.2.1.17 with all AOSP-specified tags
+- [x] **Multi-keybox support** — different keybox files per app group via `target.txt`
+
+**Interception Layer**
+- [x] **Binder ioctl hook** — `lsplt` PLT hook on `libc.so` inside `keystore2` process
+- [x] **generateKey / importKey / getKeyEntry** — all three transaction types intercepted
+- [x] **256KB native payload cap** — oversized binder payloads bypass interception cleanly
+- [x] **Challenge validation** — rejects >128-byte attestation challenges with `INVALID_INPUT_LENGTH`
+
+**Hardening**
+- [x] **Per-UID rate limiter** — 2 hardware keygens per 30s burst window, software fallback on overflow
+- [x] **importKey eviction guard** — retained patch chains prevent generate-then-import cache attacks
+- [x] **Key persistence** — file-backed storage with file-level locking, survives reboots and keybox rotations
+- [x] **Global exception handler** — uncaught exceptions logged, daemon stays alive
+
+**Configuration**
+- [x] **Live config reload** — `FileObserver` watches all config files, changes apply immediately
+- [x] **Security patch spoofing** — per-package `system`, `vendor`, `boot` patch levels with dynamic templates
+- [x] **Lifecycle scripts** — KSU Action button clears key cache, uninstall removes all traces
+
+---
+
+## 📋 Requirements
+
+> [!IMPORTANT]
+> TEESimulator requires root access and a valid `keybox.xml` for hardware-level attestation results. Without a keybox, the module generates software-level certificates that won't pass strict hardware attestation checks.
+
+**You need:**
+1. Android 10 or above
+2. A supported root manager (KernelSU, Magisk, or APatch)
+3. A hardware-backed `keybox.xml` placed at `/data/adb/tricky_store/keybox.xml`
+
+---
+
+## 📱 Compatibility
+
+### Root Managers
+
+| Manager | Status | Notes |
+|---|---|---|
+| KernelSU | ✅ Tested | Full support including Action button and lifecycle scripts |
+| Magisk | ✅ Supported | Standard module install |
+| APatch | ✅ Supported | Standard module install |
+
+### Tested Devices
+
+| Device | Android | TEE | Status |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| Redmi 14C (2409BRN2CA) | 14 (SDK 34) | Beanpod KeyMaster | ✅ Daily driver |
+
+> Tested against DuckDetector, Luna, Play Integrity, and Key Attestation Demo. If you test on a different device, [open an issue](https://github.com/Enginex0/TEESimulator/issues) with your results.
+
+---
+
+## 🚀 Quick Start
+
+1. **Download** the latest release ZIP from [Releases](https://github.com/Enginex0/TEESimulator/releases)
+2. **Install** via your root manager (KSU / Magisk / APatch) and reboot
+3. **Place your keybox** at `/data/adb/tricky_store/keybox.xml`
+4. **Configure targets** in `/data/adb/tricky_store/target.txt`
+5. **Verify** — check Play Integrity or run Key Attestation Demo
+
+TEESimulator replaces TrickyStore, TrickyStoreOSS, and their forks. Existing config files are compatible.
+
+---
+
+## ⚙️ Configuration
+
+All configuration files live at `/data/adb/tricky_store/` and are monitored by `FileObserver` — changes take effect immediately without rebooting.
 
 ### The `keybox.xml` Root of Trust
 
-This file provides the master cryptographic identity for the simulator. It contains a private key and a valid, hardware-backed certificate chain from a real device. The simulator uses this to sign the virtual certificates it generates, making them appear legitimate to verifiers.
+This file provides the master cryptographic identity. It contains a private key and a hardware-backed certificate chain from a real device. TEESimulator signs all generated certificates with this key, making them appear legitimate to verifiers.
 
 ```xml
 <?xml version="1.0"?>
@@ -40,101 +132,106 @@ This file provides the master cryptographic identity for the simulator. It conta
 </AndroidAttestation>
 ```
 
-### Mode and Keybox Configuration (`target.txt`)
+### Target Packages (`target.txt`)
 
-TEESimulator currently operates in two primary modes as it transitions towards full emulation.
+Controls which apps get intercepted and what simulation mode to use.
-You can control the simulation mode and the specific keybox.xml file used on a per-package basis.
 
 #### Mode Suffixes
 
-*   **`!` → Force Generation Mode:** Creates a complete, software-based virtual key. This is the foundation of the full TEE simulation.
+*   **`!` → Force Generation** — Creates a complete software-based virtual key. Full TEE simulation.
-*   **`?` → Force Leaf Hacking Mode:** A legacy mode where a real TEE key is generated, but its attestation certificate is intercepted and modified.
+*   **`?` → Force Leaf Hacking** — Real TEE key generated, but its attestation certificate is intercepted and patched.
-*   **No symbol → Automatic Mode:** The module selects the most appropriate mode for the device.
+*   **No symbol → Automatic** — Module selects the best mode for your device.
 
-#### Multi-Keybox Configuration
+#### Multi-Keybox
 
-You can specify different keybox files for different groups of applications. This is done by adding a line with the filename in square brackets (e.g., [demo_keybox.xml]).
+Specify different keybox files for different app groups. Apps listed after a `[filename.xml]` line use that keybox. Apps before any declaration use the default `keybox.xml`.
 
-All applications listed after this line will use the specified keybox file, until a new keybox is declared. Applications listed before any custom keybox declaration will use the default `keybox.xml`.
-
-For example:
 ```
-# These two apps will use the default /data/adb/tricky_store/keybox.xml
+# Default keybox
 com.google.android.gms!
 io.github.vvb2060.keyattestation?
 
-# Switch to a different keybox for the following apps.
+# Switch to a different keybox for the following apps
-# The file must be located at /data/adb/tricky_store/aosp_keybox.xml
 [aosp_keybox.xml]
 com.google.android.gsf
 
-# Switch again to another keybox.
+# Another keybox
-# The file must be located at /data/adb/tricky_store/demo_keybox.xml
 [demo_keybox.xml]
 org.matrix.demo
 ```
 
 ### Security Patch Level (`security_patch.txt`)
 
-This file allows you to configure the `osPatchLevel`, `vendorPatchLevel`, and `bootPatchLevel` that the simulator will report in its patched or forged attestation certificates.
+Configure the `osPatchLevel`, `vendorPatchLevel`, and `bootPatchLevel` reported in attestation certificates. This only affects attestation data — it does not change actual system properties.
 
-**Note:** This only affects the Key Attestation data generated by the simulator. It does not change the actual system properties of your device.
+#### Global and Per-Package
 
-#### Global and Per-Package Configuration
+Settings at the top of the file are global defaults. Add `[package.name]` to override for specific apps.
 
-You can set a global patch level that applies to all applications, and you can also override these settings for specific packages. The syntax is hierarchical:
+#### Keys
 
-*   Settings defined at the top of the file, before any `[package.name]` line, are **global** and serve as the default for all apps.
+| Key | Scope |
-*   To create a specific configuration for an application, add its package name in square brackets (e.g., `[com.google.android.gms]`). All settings following this line will apply *only* to that package until a new package context is declared.
+|---|---|
-
+| `system` | OS patch level |
-#### Configuration Keys and Values
+| `vendor` | Vendor patch level |
-
+| `boot` | Boot/kernel patch level |
-You can specify the patch level for the following components using a `key=value` format:
+| `all` | Shorthand — sets all three at once |
-
-*   `system`: The main OS patch level.
-*   `vendor`: The vendor patch level.
-*   `boot`: The boot/kernel patch level.
-*   `all`: A convenient shorthand to set the same date for `system`, `vendor`, and `boot` simultaneously. Any individual key can still be used to override the value set by `all`.
-
-Dates should be provided in `YYYY-MM-DD` format (e.g., `2025-11-05`).
 
 #### Special Keywords
 
-In addition to static dates, several special keywords provide advanced, dynamic control:
+| Keyword | Effect |
+|---|---|
+| `today` | Current date, dynamically resolved on each attestation |
+| `YYYY-MM-DD` templates | Semi-dynamic — `YYYY-MM-05` resolves to the 5th of the current month |
+| `no` | Omit this patch level tag entirely from the attestation |
+| `device_default` | Use the device's real hardware value |
+| `prop` | Read from `ro.build.version.security_patch` (matches what detectors see via getprop) |
 
-*   **`today`**: Dynamically uses the current date every time an attestation is generated. This ensures the device always appears up-to-date without needing manual edits.
+#### Example
-
-*   **Date Templates**: You can create semi-dynamic dates using `YYYY`, `MM`, and `DD` as placeholders for the current year, month, and day. For example, `YYYY-MM-05` will always resolve to the 5th of the current month and year.
-
-*   **`no`**: This keyword instructs the simulator to **completely omit** the corresponding patch level tag from the generated attestation.
-
-*   **`device_default`**: This keyword forces the simulator to fall back and use the device's **real hardware value** for that specific patch level. This is essential for creating exceptions to a global override or an `all` rule.
-
-#### Example Configuration
-
-This example demonstrates how to combine global settings, per-package overrides, and special keywords for fine-grained control.
 
 ```
-# --- Global Configuration ---
+# Global — default for all apps
-# This is the default for all apps unless specified otherwise.
-# - Forge a recent system patch level, the 5th of the current month (a common patch date).
-# - Use the device's real vendor patch level.
-# - Do not report a boot patch level at all.
 system=YYYY-MM-05
 vendor=device_default
 boot=no
 
-# --- Per-Package Override for Google Play Services ---
+# Override for GMS
-# This app will report an older, specific date for its system patch.
-# It will inherit the global settings for vendor (device_default) and boot (no).
 [com.google.android.gms]
 system=2024-10-01
 
-# --- Per-Package Override for a Demo App ---
+# Custom config for a demo app
-# This app gets a completely custom configuration.
 [org.matrix.demo]
-# Set a base date for all patch levels...
 all=2025-09-15
-# ...but make an exception: use the real boot patch level instead of the one from 'all'.
 boot=device_default
 ```
+
+---
+
+## 💬 Community
+
+<p align="center">
+  <a href="https://t.me/superpowers9">
+    <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/⚡_JOIN_THE_GRID-SuperPowers_Telegram-black?style=for-the-badge&logo=telegram&logoColor=cyan&labelColor=0d1117&color=00d4ff" alt="Telegram">
+  </a>
+</p>
+
+---
+
+## 🙏 Credits
+
+- **[JingMatrix](https://github.com/JingMatrix/TEESimulator)** — original author of TEESimulator and the interception architecture
+- **[5ec1cff](https://github.com/5ec1cff/TrickyStore)** — TrickyStore, the project that pioneered keystore interception on Android
+- **[LSPlt](https://github.com/LSPosed/LSPlt)** — PLT hook library used for binder interception
+- **[ring](https://github.com/briansmith/ring)** — Rust cryptography library powering native cert generation
+
+---
+
+## 📄 License
+
+This project is licensed under the [GNU General Public License v3.0](LICENSE).
+
+---
+
+<p align="center">
+  <b>🔐 Because the best attestation is the one the TEE never generated.</b>
+</p>

app/build.gradle.kts

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ val gitExecutor = objects.newInstance(GitExecutor::class.java)
 
 val gitCommitCount = gitExecutor.execute("git rev-list HEAD --count", rootDir).toInt()
 val gitCommitHash = gitExecutor.execute("git rev-parse --verify --short HEAD", rootDir)
-val verName = "v3.0"
+val verName = "v4.2"
 
 android {
     namespace = "org.matrix.TEESimulator"
@@ -71,6 +71,35 @@ dependencies {
     implementation(libs.bcpkix)
 }
 
+// --- Rust native cert gen build task ---
+val buildRustCertgen by tasks.registering(Exec::class) {
+    group = "TEESimulator Native Build"
+    description = "Builds libcertgen.so via cargo-ndk for arm64-v8a."
+
+    workingDir = rootProject.projectDir.resolve("native-certgen")
+
+    commandLine(
+        "cargo", "ndk",
+        "-t", "arm64-v8a",
+        "-o", rootProject.projectDir.resolve("app/src/main/jniLibs").absolutePath,
+        "build", "--release"
+    )
+
+    inputs.dir(rootProject.projectDir.resolve("native-certgen/src"))
+    inputs.file(rootProject.projectDir.resolve("native-certgen/Cargo.toml"))
+    inputs.file(rootProject.projectDir.resolve("native-certgen/Cargo.lock"))
+    outputs.dir(rootProject.projectDir.resolve("app/src/main/jniLibs"))
+
+    environment("ANDROID_NDK_HOME", android.ndkDirectory.absolutePath)
+}
+
+// AGP auto-detects jniLibs/ as an input to mergeJniLibFolders — wire the dependency
+tasks.configureEach {
+    if (name.endsWith("JniLibFolders") && name.startsWith("merge")) {
+        dependsOn(buildRustCertgen)
+    }
+}
+
 androidComponents {
     onVariants(selector().all()) { variant ->
         val capitalized = variant.name.replaceFirstChar { it.uppercase() }
@@ -94,6 +123,7 @@ androidComponents {
                     dependsOn("minify${capitalized}WithR8")
                 }
                 dependsOn("strip${capitalized}DebugSymbols")
+                dependsOn(buildRustCertgen)
 
                 if (isDebug) {
                     from(variant.artifacts.get(SingleArtifact.APK)) {
@@ -116,7 +146,7 @@ androidComponents {
                     )
                 ) {
                     into("lib") // Place them in the 'lib' subfolder of the staging directory.
-                    include("**/libinject.so", "**/libTEESimulator.so")
+                    include("**/libinject.so", "**/libTEESimulator.so", "**/libsupervisor.so", "**/libcertgen.so")
                 }
 
                 // Now, copy and process the files from 'module' directory.

app/proguard-rules.pro

@@ -7,3 +7,9 @@
 -keepclasseswithmembers class org.matrix.TEESimulator.App {
     public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
 }
+
+-keepclasseswithmembers class org.matrix.TEESimulator.pki.NativeCertGen {
+    native <methods>;
+    *;
+}
+-keep class org.matrix.TEESimulator.pki.CertGenConfig { *; }

app/src/main/cpp/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ add_subdirectory(external/LSPlt/lsplt/src/main/jni)
 
 add_compile_definitions(BINDER_DISABLE_NATIVE_HANDLE)
 add_library(utils SHARED stub/stub_utils.cpp)
-target_include_directories(utils PUBLIC external/AOSP/include compat)
+target_include_directories(utils PUBLIC external/AOSP/include)
 
 add_library(binder SHARED stub/stub_binder.cpp)
 target_include_directories(binder PUBLIC external/AOSP/include)
@@ -22,7 +22,10 @@ add_executable(libinject.so inject/main.cpp inject/utils.cpp)
 target_include_directories(libinject.so PUBLIC include)
 target_link_libraries(libinject.so PRIVATE lsplt_static)
 
-add_library(${CMAKE_PROJECT_NAME} SHARED binder_interceptor.cpp compat/refbase_compat.cpp)
+add_executable(libsupervisor.so supervisor.cpp)
+target_link_libraries(libsupervisor.so PRIVATE log)
+
+add_library(${CMAKE_PROJECT_NAME} SHARED binder_interceptor.cpp)
 target_include_directories(${CMAKE_PROJECT_NAME} PUBLIC external/linux-kernel/include include)
 target_link_libraries(${CMAKE_PROJECT_NAME} PRIVATE binder lsplt_static utils)
 

app/src/main/cpp/binder_interceptor.cpp

@@ -276,6 +276,12 @@ static sp<BinderInterceptor> g_interceptor_instance = nullptr;
 // =============================================================================================
 
 class BinderStub : public BBinder {
+public:
+    const String16& getInterfaceDescriptor() const override {
+        static const String16 kDescriptor("org.matrix.TEESimulator.BinderStub");
+        return kDescriptor;
+    }
+
 protected:
     status_t onTransact(uint32_t code, const Parcel &data, Parcel *reply, uint32_t flags) override {
         if (code != intercept::kBackdoorCode) {
@@ -342,15 +348,22 @@ static sp<BinderStub> g_stub_instance = nullptr;
 
 namespace {
 
-/**
+constexpr binder_size_t kMaxInterceptableDataSize = 256 * 1024;
- * @brief Analyses a binder transaction. If the target is monitored,
+
- *        hijacks the transaction by rewriting its destination to our BinderStub.
- * @param txn_data Pointer to the transaction data within the ioctl buffer.
- */
 void inspectAndRewriteTransaction(binder_transaction_data *txn_data) {
     if (!txn_data || txn_data->target.ptr == 0)
         return;
 
+    // Bypass interception for oversized payloads to prevent thread starvation from flood attacks
+    if (txn_data->data_size > kMaxInterceptableDataSize)
+        return;
+
+    // AIDL methods use codes in [FIRST_CALL_TRANSACTION, LAST_CALL_TRANSACTION] (1..0x00ffffff).
+    // System transactions (PING, INTERFACE, DUMP, SHELL_COMMAND) use codes above that range.
+    // Skip those — intercepting a ping adds measurable latency that timing detectors flag.
+    if (txn_data->code > 0x00ffffffu && txn_data->code != intercept::kBackdoorCode)
+        return;
+
     bool hijack = false;
     ThreadTransactionInfo info;
 
@@ -359,9 +372,15 @@ void inspectAndRewriteTransaction(binder_transaction_data *txn_data) {
         info.transaction_code = intercept::kBackdoorCode;
         info.target_binder = nullptr;
         hijack = true;
-    }
+    // Check 2: Spoof uid of KeyStore requests from the daemon to bypass permission check
-    // Check 2: Normal interception based on registry of monitored binders
+    } else if (txn_data->sender_euid == 0) {
-    else {
+        // The kernel driver fills sender_euid.
+        // libbinder.so trusts this value to populate IPCThreadState.
+        txn_data->sender_euid = 1000;
+        LOGV("[Hook] Spoofing UID for transaction: 0 -> %d", txn_data->sender_euid);
+        hijack = false; // Never hijack to avoid recursion
+    // Check 3: Normal interception based on registry of monitored binders
+    } else {
         // Safe casting based on Binder driver ABI
         RefBase::weakref_type *weak_ref = reinterpret_cast<RefBase::weakref_type *>(txn_data->target.ptr);
 
@@ -370,18 +389,17 @@ void inspectAndRewriteTransaction(binder_transaction_data *txn_data) {
             // The raw pointer to the binder object itself is stored in the cookie
             BBinder *target_binder_ptr = reinterpret_cast<BBinder *>(txn_data->cookie);
 
-            // This is safe ONLY because we successfully called attemptIncStrong().
+            // Create a weak pointer for the lookup and to store in our context map.
-            // The sp<> constructor will not increment the ref count again, it just adopts the one we have.
+            // This is safe because we are holding a strong reference.
-            // When sp_target goes out of scope, it will call decStrong(), releasing our temporary reference.
+            wp<BBinder> wp_target = target_binder_ptr;
-            sp<BBinder> sp_target = sp<BBinder>::fromExisting(target_binder_ptr);
 
-            // Now we can safely use sp_target (which implicitly converts to a wp) for the lookup.
+            if (g_interceptor_instance->isBinderIntercepted(wp_target)) {
-            if (g_interceptor_instance->isBinderIntercepted(sp_target)) {
                 info.transaction_code = txn_data->code;
-                info.target_binder = sp_target; // Assign the valid weak pointer
+                info.target_binder = wp_target; // Assign the valid weak pointer
                 hijack = true;
             }
-            // No need to manually call decStrong(); the sp destructor handles it.
+            // Manually release the temporary strong reference we acquired at the start.
+            target_binder_ptr->decStrong(nullptr);
         }
     }
 
@@ -581,9 +599,16 @@ bool BinderInterceptor::processInterceptedTransaction(uint64_t tx_id, sp<BBinder
     Parcel pre_req, pre_resp;
     writeTransactionData(pre_req, tx_id, target, code, flags, request);
 
-    if (callback->transact(intercept::kPreTransact, pre_req, &pre_resp) != OK) {
+    status_t pre_status = callback->transact(intercept::kPreTransact, pre_req, &pre_resp);
-        LOGW("[TX_ID: %" PRIu64 "] Pre-transaction callback failed. Forwarding original call.", tx_id);
+    if (pre_status != OK) {
-        return false; // Callback failed, proceed as if not intercepted
+        // Block when interceptor is dead to prevent privacy leak to third-party apps
+        if (callback->pingBinder() != OK) {
+            LOGE("[TX_ID: %" PRIu64 "] Interceptor DEAD. Blocking to prevent attestation leak.", tx_id);
+            result = DEAD_OBJECT;
+            return true;
+        }
+        LOGW("[TX_ID: %" PRIu64 "] Pre-transaction callback failed (not dead). Forwarding.", tx_id);
+        return false;
     }
 
     int32_t action = pre_resp.readInt32();
@@ -636,7 +661,8 @@ bool BinderInterceptor::processInterceptedTransaction(uint64_t tx_id, sp<BBinder
         VALIDATE_STATUS(tx_id, post_req.appendFrom(reply, 0, reply_size));
     }
 
-    if (callback->transact(intercept::kPostTransact, post_req, &post_resp) == OK) {
+    status_t post_status = callback->transact(intercept::kPostTransact, post_req, &post_resp);
+    if (post_status == OK) {
         int32_t post_action = post_resp.readInt32();
         if (post_action == intercept::kActionOverrideReply && reply) {
             result = post_resp.readInt32(); // Read new status

app/src/main/cpp/compat/refbase_compat.cpp

@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
-#include "refbase_compat.h"
-#include "utils/RefBase.h"
-#include <atomic>
-#include <cstdlib>
-#include <cstring> // For memcpy
-#include <dlfcn.h>
-#include <mutex>
-#include <sys/system_properties.h>
-
-namespace android {
-
-// Helper function to get the Android API level at runtime.
-// It caches the result for performance.
-int32_t get_android_api_level() {
-  static std::atomic<int32_t> api_level = -1;
-  if (api_level.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) == -1) {
-    char sdk_version_str[PROP_VALUE_MAX];
-    if (__system_property_get("ro.build.version.sdk", sdk_version_str) > 0) {
-      api_level.store(atoi(sdk_version_str), std::memory_order_relaxed);
-    }
-  }
-  return api_level.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
-}
-
-// Define the function pointer type for the const member function
-// RefBase::incStrongRequireStrong.
-using incStrongRequireStrong_t = void (RefBase::*)(const void *) const;
-
-// This is the implementation of our compatibility wrapper.
-void incStrongFromExisting(const RefBase *ref, const void *id) {
-  // Only attempt to use the new function on Android 12 (API 31) or higher.
-  if (get_android_api_level() >= 31) {
-    static incStrongRequireStrong_t sIncStrongRequireStrong = nullptr;
-    static std::once_flag sFlag;
-
-    // Thread-safe, one-time initialization.
-    std::call_once(sFlag, []() {
-      // Find the symbol in the already loaded libraries.
-      // The mangled symbol is _ZNK7android7RefBase22incStrongRequireStrongEPKv
-      void *sym = dlsym(RTLD_DEFAULT,
-                        "_ZNK7android7RefBase22incStrongRequireStrongEPKv");
-      if (sym) {
-        // Safely cast the void* symbol to our member function pointer.
-        memcpy(&sIncStrongRequireStrong, &sym, sizeof(void *));
-      }
-    });
-
-    if (sIncStrongRequireStrong) {
-      // If the symbol was found, call it as member function.
-      (ref->*sIncStrongRequireStrong)(id);
-      return; // Success, we are done.
-    }
-    // If dlsym failed for any reason, we fall through to the old method.
-  }
-
-  // Fallback for older Android versions or if dlsym failed.
-  // This calls the universally available incStrong method.
-  ref->incStrong(id);
-}
-
-} // namespace android

app/src/main/cpp/compat/refbase_compat.h

@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-namespace android {
-
-// Forward-declare the RefBase class.
-class RefBase;
-
-// Declares our compatibility function.
-void incStrongFromExisting(const RefBase *ref, const void *id);
-
-} // namespace android

app/src/main/cpp/external/AOSP/include/utils/StrongPointer.h

@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 #ifndef ANDROID_STRONG_POINTER_H
 #define ANDROID_STRONG_POINTER_H
 
-#include "refbase_compat.h"
 #include <functional>
 #include <type_traits>  // for common_type.
 
@@ -213,7 +212,7 @@ sp<T> sp<T>::make(Args&&... args) {
 template <typename T>
 sp<T> sp<T>::fromExisting(T* other) {
     if (other) {
-        incStrongFromExisting(other, other);
+        other->incStrongRequireStrong(other);
         sp<T> result;
         result.m_ptr = other;
         return result;

app/src/main/cpp/inject/main.cpp

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #include <sys/mman.h>
 #include <sys/ptrace.h>
 #include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <sys/system_properties.h>
 #include <sys/uio.h>
 #include <sys/un.h>
@@ -17,6 +18,7 @@
 #include <csignal>
 #include <cstdio>
 #include <cstdlib>
+#include <fstream>
 #include <optional>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
@@ -95,10 +97,6 @@ constexpr size_t kMagicLength = 16;
 constexpr size_t kMaxPathLength = PATH_MAX;
 // Maximum length for file paths.
 
-constexpr const char *kSystemFileContext = "u:object_r:system_file:s0";
-// SELinux context for system files,
-// used for socket creation and library file context.
-
 constexpr const char *kLibcModule = "libc.so";
 // Name of the C standard library.
 
@@ -215,8 +213,8 @@ private:
  * @brief Transfers a file descriptor from the injector process to the remote process.
  *
  * This function uses Unix domain sockets with SCM_RIGHTS to send a file descriptor.
- * It involves setting SELinux contexts, creating local and remote sockets, binding,
+ * It involves creating local and remote sockets, binding, and then coordinating
- * and then coordinating sendmsg/recvmsg calls using ptrace.
+ * sendmsg/recvmsg calls using ptrace.
  *
  * @param pid The target process ID.
  * @param lib_path The path to the library file being transferred.
@@ -233,29 +231,14 @@ static std::optional<int> transfer_fd_to_remote(int pid, const char *lib_path, s
                                                 uintptr_t libc_return_addr) {
     LOGD("Attempting to transfer file descriptor for library: %s", lib_path);
 
-    // 1. Set SELinux context for socket creation in the injector process.
+    // Create a local Unix domain socket for FD transfer.
-    // This is crucial for Android where SELinux might prevent socket operations.
-    if (!set_sockcreate_con(constants::kSystemFileContext)) {
-        LOGE("Failed to set socket creation context.");
-        return std::nullopt;
-    }
-
-    // 2. Create a local Unix domain socket for FD transfer.
     UniqueFd local_socket = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_DGRAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0);
     if (local_socket == -1) {
         PLOGE("Failed to create local Unix domain socket.");
         return std::nullopt;
     }
 
-    // 3. Set SELinux context for the library file if possible.
+    // Open the local library file to get a file descriptor.
-    // This might be required for the target process to open/access it later if directly opening by path.
-    // For FD transfer, this is less critical as the FD's context is inherited, but good practice.
-    if (setfilecon(lib_path, constants::kSystemFileContext) == -1) {
-        // Log a warning, but don't fail, as FD transfer might still work.
-        PLOGE("Failed to set context of library file: %s. This might cause issues.", lib_path);
-    }
-
-    // 4. Open the local library file to get a file descriptor.
     UniqueFd local_lib_fd = open(lib_path, O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
     if (local_lib_fd == -1) {
         PLOGE("Failed to open library file: %s", lib_path);
@@ -271,7 +254,7 @@ static std::optional<int> transfer_fd_to_remote(int pid, const char *lib_path, s
         void *errno_addr; // Address of __errno for getting remote errno.
     } funcs{};
 
-    // 5. Resolve required libc functions in the remote process.
+    // Resolve required libc functions in the remote process.
     funcs.socket_addr = find_func_addr(local_map, remote_map, constants::kLibcModule, "socket");
     funcs.bind_addr = find_func_addr(local_map, remote_map, constants::kLibcModule, "bind");
     funcs.recvmsg_addr = find_func_addr(local_map, remote_map, constants::kLibcModule, "recvmsg");
@@ -306,25 +289,28 @@ static std::optional<int> transfer_fd_to_remote(int pid, const char *lib_path, s
         }
     };
 
-    // 6. Create a Unix domain socket in the remote process.
+    // Create a Unix domain socket in the remote process.
     std::vector<uintptr_t> args = {AF_UNIX, SOCK_DGRAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0};
     int remote_fd = static_cast<int>(
         remote_call(pid, regs, reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(funcs.socket_addr), libc_return_addr, args));
-    if (remote_fd == -1) {
+    if (remote_fd <= 0) {
+        // remote_call returns 0 on failure.
+        // socket() returning 0 is technically possible (if stdin closed),
+        // but highly unlikely for a daemon. We treat 0 as failure here to catch the injection error.
         errno = get_remote_errno(); // Set local errno for PLOGE.
-        PLOGE("Failed to create remote socket.");
+        PLOGE("Failed to create remote socket (returned %d).", remote_fd);
         return std::nullopt;
     }
     LOGD("Successfully created remote socket with FD: %d", remote_fd);
 
-    // 7. Generate a unique magic string for the abstract Unix domain socket path.
+    // Generate a unique magic string for the abstract Unix domain socket path.
     auto magic = generateMagic(constants::kMagicLength);
     struct sockaddr_un sock_addr{.sun_family = AF_UNIX, .sun_path = {0}};
     // Abstract Unix domain sockets have sun_path[0] as null, and the name starts from sun_path[1].
     memcpy(sock_addr.sun_path + 1, magic.c_str(), magic.size());
     socklen_t addr_len = sizeof(sock_addr.sun_family) + 1 + magic.size(); // Length includes null byte and magic.
 
-    // 8. Push the sockaddr_un structure to the remote process's stack.
+    // Push the sockaddr_un structure to the remote process's stack.
     auto remote_addr = push_memory(pid, regs, &sock_addr, sizeof(sock_addr));
     if (remote_addr == 0) {
         LOGE("Failed to push socket address to remote memory.");
@@ -332,7 +318,7 @@ static std::optional<int> transfer_fd_to_remote(int pid, const char *lib_path, s
         return std::nullopt;
     }
 
-    // 9. Bind the remote socket to the abstract Unix domain socket path.
+    // Bind the remote socket to the abstract Unix domain socket path.
     args = {static_cast<uintptr_t>(remote_fd), remote_addr, static_cast<uintptr_t>(addr_len)};
     auto bind_result = remote_call(pid, regs, reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(funcs.bind_addr), libc_return_addr, args);
     if (bind_result == static_cast<uintptr_t>(-1)) {
@@ -346,7 +332,7 @@ static std::optional<int> transfer_fd_to_remote(int pid, const char *lib_path, s
     // Prepare control message buffer for SCM_RIGHTS (file descriptor passing).
     char cmsgbuf[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(int))] = {0};
 
-    // 10. Push the control message buffer to the remote process's stack.
+    // Push the control message buffer to the remote process's stack.
     auto remote_cmsgbuf = push_memory(pid, regs, &cmsgbuf, sizeof(cmsgbuf));
     if (remote_cmsgbuf == 0) {
         LOGE("Failed to push control message buffer to remote memory.");
@@ -359,7 +345,7 @@ static std::optional<int> transfer_fd_to_remote(int pid, const char *lib_path, s
     msg_hdr.msg_control = reinterpret_cast<void *>(remote_cmsgbuf);
     msg_hdr.msg_controllen = sizeof(cmsgbuf);
 
-    // 11. Push the msghdr structure to the remote process's stack.
+    // Push the msghdr structure to the remote process's stack.
     auto remote_hdr = push_memory(pid, regs, &msg_hdr, sizeof(msg_hdr));
     if (remote_hdr == 0) {
         LOGE("Failed to push message header to remote memory.");
@@ -367,16 +353,16 @@ static std::optional<int> transfer_fd_to_remote(int pid, const char *lib_path, s
         return std::nullopt;
     }
 
-    // 12. Initiate the remote recvmsg call. This will block the remote process.
+    // Initiate the remote recvmsg call. This will block the remote process.
     args = {static_cast<uintptr_t>(remote_fd), remote_hdr, MSG_WAITALL};
-    if (!remote_pre_call(pid, regs, reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(funcs.recvmsg_addr), 0, args)) {
+    if (!remote_pre_call(pid, regs, reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(funcs.recvmsg_addr), libc_return_addr, args)) {
         LOGE("Failed to initiate remote recvmsg call.");
         close_remote(remote_fd);
         return std::nullopt;
     }
     LOGD("Remote recvmsg initiated, waiting for FD transfer...");
 
-    // 13. Prepare the local msghdr for sending the file descriptor.
+    // Prepare the local msghdr for sending the file descriptor.
     // The msg_control and msg_name fields of the local msghdr are set up.
     msg_hdr.msg_control = &cmsgbuf; // Use local cmsgbuf for sending.
     msg_hdr.msg_name = &sock_addr;
@@ -396,7 +382,7 @@ static std::optional<int> transfer_fd_to_remote(int pid, const char *lib_path, s
         *reinterpret_cast<int *>(CMSG_DATA(cmsg)) = local_lib_fd; // The FD to send.
     }
 
-    // 14. Send the file descriptor from the injector to the remote process.
+    // Send the file descriptor from the injector to the remote process.
     if (sendmsg(local_socket, &msg_hdr, 0) == -1) {
         PLOGE("Failed to send file descriptor to remote process.");
         // We do not close local_lib_fd here as it might be transferred even if
@@ -407,9 +393,9 @@ static std::optional<int> transfer_fd_to_remote(int pid, const char *lib_path, s
     }
     LOGD("Local FD %d sent to remote process.", local_lib_fd.operator const int &());
 
-    // 15. Complete the remote recvmsg call. This will retrieve the return value.
+    // Complete the remote recvmsg call. This will retrieve the return value.
     auto recvmsg_result =
-        static_cast<ssize_t>(remote_post_call(pid, regs, 0)); // No specific expected return address for recvmsg
+        static_cast<ssize_t>(remote_post_call(pid, regs, libc_return_addr));
     if (recvmsg_result == -1) {
         errno = get_remote_errno();
         PLOGE("Remote recvmsg call failed.");
@@ -418,7 +404,7 @@ static std::optional<int> transfer_fd_to_remote(int pid, const char *lib_path, s
     }
     LOGD("Remote recvmsg completed with result: %zd", recvmsg_result);
 
-    // 16. Read the control message buffer back from the remote process to extract the FD.
+    // Read the control message buffer back from the remote process to extract the FD.
     if (read_proc(pid, remote_cmsgbuf, &cmsgbuf, sizeof(cmsgbuf)) != sizeof(cmsgbuf)) {
         LOGE("Failed to read control message buffer from remote process.");
         close_remote(remote_fd);
@@ -439,7 +425,7 @@ static std::optional<int> transfer_fd_to_remote(int pid, const char *lib_path, s
     LOGI("Successfully transferred FD %d to remote process, new remote FD: %d", local_lib_fd.operator const int &(),
          transferred_fd);
 
-    // 17. Close the remote socket.
+    // Close the remote socket.
     close_remote(remote_fd);
 
     return transferred_fd;
@@ -642,6 +628,130 @@ static bool remote_call_entry(int pid, struct user_regs_struct &regs, uintptr_t
     return true; // Return true if the call itself completed, regardless of its return value.
 }
 
+/**
+ * @brief RAII wrapper to ensure a temporary file is deleted (unlinked)
+ * when the object goes out of scope.
+ *
+ * This is crucial for stealth: we want the library to exist on the filesystem
+ * for the shortest time possible.
+ */
+class ScopedFileDeleter {
+public:
+    explicit ScopedFileDeleter(std::string path) : path_(std::move(path)) {}
+
+    ~ScopedFileDeleter() {
+        if (!path_.empty()) {
+            LOGD("Cleaning up staged file: %s", path_.c_str());
+            unlink(path_.c_str());
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Disable copy to prevent double-deletion issues
+    ScopedFileDeleter(const ScopedFileDeleter&) = delete;
+    ScopedFileDeleter& operator=(const ScopedFileDeleter&) = delete;
+
+private:
+    std::string path_;
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief Copies a file from source to destination.
+ *
+ * @param src Absolute path to source file.
+ * @param dst Absolute path to destination file.
+ * @return True on success, false on failure.
+ */
+static bool copy_file(const char* src, const char* dst) {
+    std::ifstream src_file(src, std::ios::binary);
+    std::ofstream dst_file(dst, std::ios::binary);
+
+    if (!src_file) {
+        PLOGE("Failed to open source file for copying: %s", src);
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (!dst_file) {
+        PLOGE("Failed to open destination file for copying: %s", dst);
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    dst_file << src_file.rdbuf();
+    return src_file.good() && dst_file.good();
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Performs injection via the "Staging" method.
+ *
+ * This strategy is used when direct FD passing fails (e.g., due to Seccomp filters).
+ * 1. Copies the library to a world-readable location (/data/local/tmp).
+ * 2. Loads it via standard dlopen().
+ * 3. Immediately deletes the file to hide tracks.
+ *
+ * @param pid The target process ID.
+ * @param regs The target process registers (must be Red-Zone adjusted if x86_64).
+ * @param local_map Local memory map.
+ * @param remote_map Remote memory map.
+ * @param lib_path The path to the original library.
+ * @param libc_return_addr Return address for remote calls.
+ * @return The handle of the loaded library, or std::nullopt on failure.
+ */
+static std::optional<uintptr_t> inject_via_staging(int pid, struct user_regs_struct &regs,
+                                                   const std::vector<lsplt::MapInfo> &local_map,
+                                                   const std::vector<lsplt::MapInfo> &remote_map,
+                                                   const char *lib_path, uintptr_t libc_return_addr) {
+    LOGI("Initiating Staging Fallback mechanism...");
+
+    // Generate a random path in /data/local/tmp
+    // /data/local/tmp is chosen because it is traversable by most contexts.
+    std::string staged_path = "/data/local/tmp/lib" + generateMagic(8) + ".so";
+
+    // Ensure the file is deleted when this function exits (Success or Failure).
+    // The kernel keeps the inode alive for the mapped process even after unlink.
+    ScopedFileDeleter file_guard(staged_path);
+
+    LOGD("Staging library to: %s", staged_path.c_str());
+
+    //  Copy the library
+    if (!copy_file(lib_path, staged_path.c_str())) {
+        LOGE("Failed to copy library during staging.");
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+
+    // Set Permissions to 644 (RW-R--R--)
+    // This allows the target process (likely running as a specific UID) to read the file.
+    if (chmod(staged_path.c_str(), 0644) != 0) {
+        PLOGE("Failed to chmod staged file.");
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+
+    // Resolve 'dlopen' in the remote process
+    auto dlopen_addr = find_func_addr(local_map, remote_map, constants::kLibdlModule, "dlopen");
+    if (!dlopen_addr) {
+        LOGE("Failed to find 'dlopen' in remote process.");
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+
+    // Push the staged path to remote memory
+    uintptr_t remote_path_addr = push_string(pid, regs, staged_path.c_str());
+    if (remote_path_addr == 0) {
+        LOGE("Failed to push staged path string to remote memory.");
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+
+    // Call dlopen(path, RTLD_NOW)
+    std::vector<uintptr_t> args = {remote_path_addr, RTLD_NOW};
+    uintptr_t handle = remote_call(pid, regs, reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(dlopen_addr),
+                                   libc_return_addr, args);
+
+    if (handle == 0) {
+        std::string error_msg = get_remote_dlerror(pid, regs, local_map, remote_map, libc_return_addr);
+        LOGE("Staged dlopen failed. dlerror: %s", error_msg.c_str());
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+
+    LOGI("Successfully loaded staged library. Handle: %p", reinterpret_cast<void*>(handle));
+    return handle;
+}
+
 /**
  * @brief RAII wrapper for ptrace attachment and detachment.
  *
@@ -694,12 +804,31 @@ private:
     bool attached_; // Flag indicating current attachment status.
 };
 
+// RAII Class to ensure registers are always restored
+class RegisterRestorer {
+public:
+    RegisterRestorer(int pid, const struct user_regs_struct& original_regs)
+        : pid_(pid), regs_(original_regs) {}
+
+    ~RegisterRestorer() {
+        // Always restore registers when this object goes out of scope
+        if (set_regs(pid_, regs_)) {
+            LOGD("Original registers for process %d restored.", pid_);
+        } else {
+            PLOGE("Failed to restore original registers for process %d.", pid_);
+        }
+    }
+private:
+    int pid_;
+    struct user_regs_struct regs_;
+};
+
 /**
  * @brief Injects a shared library into a target process using ptrace.
  *
  * This is the main orchestration function for the library injection.
  * It handles attachment, remote memory/register manipulation, FD transfer,
- * remote dlopen/dlsym, and remote entry point execution.
+ * staging fallback, remote dlopen/dlsym, and remote entry point execution.
  *
  * @param pid The target process ID.
  * @param lib_path The absolute path to the shared library to inject.
@@ -742,6 +871,14 @@ bool inject_library(int pid, const char *lib_path, const char *entry_name) {
     backup_regs = current_regs; // Store a copy for restoration.
     LOGD("Process %d registers backed up.", pid);
 
+    // Skip the Red Zone (128 bytes) on x86_64 to prevent stack corruption
+    #if defined(__x86_64__)
+    current_regs.rsp -= 128;
+    #endif
+
+    // Ensures original state is restored even if injection fails/crashes mid-way.
+    RegisterRestorer reg_guard(pid, backup_regs);
+
     // Create a scope to ensure RAII objects are destroyed BEFORE register restoration
     {
         // 4. Scan local and remote memory maps to resolve function addresses.
@@ -760,53 +897,57 @@ bool inject_library(int pid, const char *lib_path, const char *entry_name) {
         }
         LOGD("Found libc return address: %p", reinterpret_cast<void *>(libc_return_addr));
 
-        // 6. Transfer the library's file descriptor to the remote process.
+        // 6. Attempt to transfer the library's file descriptor to the remote process.
+        int remote_fd = -1;
         auto lib_fd_opt = transfer_fd_to_remote(pid, lib_path, current_regs, local_map, remote_map,
                                                 reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(libc_return_addr));
-        if (!lib_fd_opt) {
+        std::optional<RemoteLibraryHandle> remote_lib_guard;
-            LOGE("Failed to transfer library file descriptor for '%s' to target process %d.", lib_path, pid);
+        std::optional<uintptr_t> handle_opt;
-            return false;
-        }
-        RemoteLibraryHandle remote_lib_guard(pid, *lib_fd_opt);
-        LOGD("Library FD %d transferred to remote process %d.", remote_lib_guard.fd(), pid);
-        remote_lib_guard.set_libc_return_addr(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(libc_return_addr));
 
-        // 7. Remotely load the library using the transferred file descriptor.
+        if (lib_fd_opt) {
-        auto handle_opt = remote_dlopen(pid, current_regs, local_map, remote_map, remote_lib_guard.fd(), lib_path,
+            remote_fd = *lib_fd_opt;
-                                        reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(libc_return_addr));
+            remote_lib_guard.emplace(pid, remote_fd);
+            remote_lib_guard->set_libc_return_addr(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(libc_return_addr));
+
+            LOGD("FD Transfer successful (FD: %d). Attempting android_dlopen_ext...", remote_fd);
+            handle_opt = remote_dlopen(pid, current_regs, local_map, remote_map, remote_fd, lib_path,
+                                       reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(libc_return_addr));
+        } else {
+            LOGW("Failed to transfer library file descriptor for '%s' to target process %d.", lib_path, pid);
+        }
+
+        // 7. Staging Fallback (Copy-Inject-Delete) if FD transfer failed.
         if (!handle_opt) {
+            handle_opt = inject_via_staging(pid, current_regs, local_map, remote_map,
+                                            lib_path, reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(libc_return_addr));
+        }
+        if (!handle_opt || *handle_opt == 0) {
             LOGE("Failed to load library '%s' in remote process %d.", lib_path, pid);
             // If dlopen fails, the remote_lib_guard.fd() is still valid in the target process and needs to be closed.
             // The RemoteLibraryHandle constructor takes care of this.
             return false;
         }
-        remote_lib_guard.set_handle(*handle_opt);
+        uintptr_t handle = *handle_opt;
+        if (remote_lib_guard) remote_lib_guard->set_handle(handle);
 
         // 8. Find the entry point symbol in the remotely loaded library.
         auto entry_opt = remote_find_entry(pid, current_regs, entry_name, local_map, remote_map,
-                                           remote_lib_guard.handle(), reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(libc_return_addr));
+                                           handle, reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(libc_return_addr));
         if (!entry_opt) {
             LOGE("Failed to find entry point '%s' in remote library (handle %p).", entry_name,
-                 reinterpret_cast<void *>(remote_lib_guard.handle()));
+                 reinterpret_cast<void *>(handle));
             return false;
         }
         uintptr_t entry_addr = *entry_opt;
 
         // 9. Call the remote entry point function.
-        if (!remote_call_entry(pid, current_regs, entry_addr, remote_lib_guard.handle(),
+        if (!remote_call_entry(pid, current_regs, entry_addr, handle,
                                reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(libc_return_addr))) {
             LOGE("Failed to call remote entry point '%s'.", entry_name);
             return false;
         }
     }
 
-    // 10. Restore original registers of the target process.
-    if (!set_regs(pid, backup_regs)) {
-        LOGE("Failed to restore original registers for process %d.", pid);
-        return false;
-    }
-    LOGD("Original registers for process %d restored.", pid);
-
     LOGI("Library injection completed successfully for process %d.", pid);
     return true;
 }

app/src/main/cpp/inject/utils.cpp

@@ -263,7 +263,14 @@ bool get_regs(int pid, struct user_regs_struct &regs) {
     struct iovec reg_iov = {.iov_base = &regs, .iov_len = sizeof(struct user_regs_struct)};
     if (ptrace(PTRACE_GETREGSET, pid, NT_PRSTATUS, &reg_iov) == -1) {
         PLOGE("Failed to get register set for PID %d.", pid);
+#if defined(__arm__)
+        if (ptrace(PTRACE_GETREGS, pid, 0, &regs) == -1) {
+            PLOGE("Fallback to PTRACE_GETREGS failed.");
+            return false;
+        }
+#else
         return false;
+#endif
     }
 #else
 #    error "Unsupported architecture for register access in get_regs."
@@ -296,7 +303,14 @@ bool set_regs(int pid, struct user_regs_struct &regs) {
     struct iovec reg_iov = {.iov_base = &regs, .iov_len = sizeof(struct user_regs_struct)};
     if (ptrace(PTRACE_SETREGSET, pid, NT_PRSTATUS, &reg_iov) == -1) {
         PLOGE("Failed to set register set for PID %d.", pid);
+#if defined(__arm__)
+        if (ptrace(PTRACE_SETREGS, pid, 0, &regs) == -1) {
+            PLOGE("Fallback to PTRACE_SETREGS failed.");
+            return false;
+        }
+#else
         return false;
+#endif
     }
 #else
 #    error "Unsupported architecture for register access in set_regs."
@@ -588,17 +602,10 @@ bool remote_pre_call(int pid, struct user_regs_struct &regs, uintptr_t func_addr
         size_t stack_args_size = args.size() * sizeof(uintptr_t);
         align_stack(regs, stack_args_size);
 
-        // Push all arguments onto the stack (order is important if ABI is right-to-left push).
+        // i386 cdecl expects arguments pushed Right-to-Left (stack grows down).
-        // The current implementation writes args.data() directly,
+        // Since `write_proc` writes to increasing addresses (up), a linear write
-        // assuming it's already in the correct order for push.
+        // starting at the new SP places the first argument at the lowest address.
-        // For cdecl, arguments are pushed right-to-left.
+        // This matches the ABI memory layout without needing to reverse the vector.
-        // A vector `args = {A, B, C}` means A is arg1, B is arg2 etc.
-        // So, `C` should be pushed first, then `B`, then `A`.
-        // `write_proc` copies linearly.
-        // This implies `args` should be pre-reversed for cdecl.
-        // For simplicity, we assume the remote function is compatible with how it's pushed,
-        // or that it's variadic where order doesn't matter for first args.
-        // A robust i386 implementation would need to push args in reverse order.
         if (write_proc(pid, static_cast<uintptr_t>(regs.REG_SP), args.data(), stack_args_size) !=
             static_cast<ssize_t>(stack_args_size)) {
             LOGE("Failed to push arguments for i386 remote call.");

app/src/main/cpp/supervisor.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+// Fork-based supervisor for instant daemon restart
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <sys/wait.h>
+#include <sys/prctl.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+
+static volatile sig_atomic_t should_exit = 0;
+
+static void signal_handler(int sig) {
+    should_exit = 1;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+    if (argc < 2) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <daemon> [args...]\n", argv[0]);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    // Forward termination signals to exit cleanly
+    signal(SIGTERM, signal_handler);
+    signal(SIGINT, signal_handler);
+
+    const char *daemon_path = argv[1];
+    char **daemon_argv = &argv[1];
+
+    while (!should_exit) {
+        pid_t pid = fork();
+
+        if (pid < 0) {
+            perror("fork failed");
+            usleep(100000); // 100ms backoff on fork failure
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if (pid == 0) {
+            // Child: become the daemon
+            prctl(PR_SET_PDEATHSIG, SIGKILL); // Die if parent dies
+            execv(daemon_path, daemon_argv);
+            perror("execv failed");
+            _exit(127);
+        }
+
+        // Parent: wait for child to exit
+        int status;
+        waitpid(pid, &status, 0);
+
+        if (should_exit) break;
+
+        // Instant restart - no delay
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}

app/src/main/java/org/matrix/TEESimulator/App.kt

@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 package org.matrix.TEESimulator
 
+import android.app.ActivityThread
+import android.app.Application
+import android.content.Context
+import android.content.ContextWrapper
 import android.os.Build
+import android.os.Looper
 import java.security.Security
 import org.bouncycastle.jce.provider.BouncyCastleProvider
 import org.matrix.TEESimulator.config.ConfigurationManager
@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@ import org.matrix.TEESimulator.interception.keystore.AbstractKeystoreInterceptor
 import org.matrix.TEESimulator.interception.keystore.Keystore2Interceptor
 import org.matrix.TEESimulator.interception.keystore.KeystoreInterceptor
 import org.matrix.TEESimulator.logging.SystemLogger
+import org.matrix.TEESimulator.pki.NativeCertGen
 import org.matrix.TEESimulator.util.AndroidDeviceUtils
 
 /**
@@ -30,13 +36,15 @@ object App {
         SystemLogger.info("Welcome to TEESimulator!")
 
         try {
+            // Initialize the Android framework environment
+            prepareEnvironment()
+            // Initialize and start the appropriate keystore interceptors.
+            initializeInterceptors()
+
             // Load the package configuration.
             ConfigurationManager.initialize()
             // Set up the device's boot key and hash, which are crucial for attestation.
             AndroidDeviceUtils.setupBootKeyAndHash()
-            // Initialize and start the appropriate keystore interceptors.
-            initializeInterceptors()
-            // Enter an infinite loop to keep the service running.
 
             // Android ships with a stripped-down Bouncy Castle provider under the name "BC".
             // We must remove the system provider first to ensure the full Bouncy Castle library
@@ -44,13 +52,45 @@ object App {
             Security.removeProvider(BouncyCastleProvider.PROVIDER_NAME)
             Security.addProvider(BouncyCastleProvider())
 
-            maintainService()
+            NativeCertGen.initialize("/data/adb/modules/tricky_store/libcertgen.so")
+
+            // This starts the message queue processing. It blocks here indefinitely
+            // processing messages until Looper.myLooper().quit() is called.
+            Looper.loop()
         } catch (e: Exception) {
             SystemLogger.error("A fatal error occurred in the main application thread.", e)
             throw e
         }
     }
 
+    /** Initializes the necessary Android framework internals to satisfy KeyStore requirements. */
+    private fun prepareEnvironment() {
+        // 1. Prepare Main Looper
+        if (Looper.getMainLooper() == null) {
+            @Suppress("deprecation") Looper.prepareMainLooper()
+        }
+
+        // 2. Initialize ActivityThread for the current process
+        val activityThread = ActivityThread.systemMain()
+
+        // 3. Get the system context
+        val systemContext = activityThread.getSystemContext()
+
+        // 4. Create a dummy Application object and attach the context
+        val app = Application()
+        val attachMethod =
+            ContextWrapper::class.java.getDeclaredMethod("attachBaseContext", Context::class.java)
+        attachMethod.isAccessible = true
+        attachMethod.invoke(app, systemContext)
+
+        // 5. Inject this application object into ActivityThread's mInitialApplication field.
+        // This is what KeyStore.getApplicationContext() looks for.
+        val mInitialApplicationField =
+            ActivityThread::class.java.getDeclaredField("mInitialApplication")
+        mInitialApplicationField.isAccessible = true
+        mInitialApplicationField.set(activityThread, app)
+    }
+
     /**
      * Selects and initializes the correct keystore interceptor based on the Android SDK version. It
      * retries initialization until it succeeds.
@@ -79,6 +119,7 @@ object App {
                 SystemLogger.info(
                     "Using KeystoreInterceptor for Android Q/R (SDK ${Build.VERSION.SDK_INT})"
                 )
+                android.security.keystore.AndroidKeyStoreProvider.install()
                 KeystoreInterceptor
             }
             // For Android S (12) and newer, use the Keystore2Interceptor.
@@ -86,18 +127,8 @@ object App {
                 SystemLogger.info(
                     "Using Keystore2Interceptor for Android S and later (SDK ${Build.VERSION.SDK_INT})"
                 )
+                android.security.keystore2.AndroidKeyStoreProvider.install()
                 Keystore2Interceptor
             }
         }
-
-    /**
-     * Puts the main thread into a long-running sleep loop. This is a common pattern to keep a
-     * background service process alive indefinitely.
-     */
-    private fun maintainService() {
-        SystemLogger.info("Service started successfully. Entering maintenance mode.")
-        while (true) {
-            Thread.sleep(SERVICE_SLEEP_MS)
-        }
-    }
 }

app/src/main/java/org/matrix/TEESimulator/attestation/AttestationBuilder.kt

@@ -112,6 +112,7 @@ object AttestationBuilder {
             }
 
         val bootPatch = AndroidDeviceUtils.getBootPatchLevelLong(uid)
+        SystemLogger.info("Attestation patch levels for uid=$uid: os=$osPatch, vendor=$vendorPatch, boot=$bootPatch")
         properties[AttestationConstants.TAG_BOOT_PATCHLEVEL] =
             if (bootPatch != DO_NOT_REPORT) {
                 DERTaggedObject(
@@ -344,7 +345,7 @@ object AttestationBuilder {
      *   retrieved.
      */
     @Throws(Throwable::class)
-    private fun createApplicationId(uid: Int): DEROctetString {
+    internal fun createApplicationId(uid: Int): DEROctetString {
         val pm =
             ConfigurationManager.getPackageManager()
                 ?: throw IllegalStateException("PackageManager not found!")

app/src/main/java/org/matrix/TEESimulator/attestation/AttestationConstants.kt

@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
 package org.matrix.TEESimulator.attestation
 
 /**
- * Defines constants for KeyMint attestation tags, as specified in the Android hardware security
+ * Defines constants for KeyMint attestation, mainly the tags of properties and authorizations of a
- * HAL.
+ * cryptographic key, as specified in the Android hardware security HAL.
- *
- * These tags identify specific properties and authorizations of a cryptographic key.
  */
 object AttestationConstants {
     // https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/main/+/main:hardware/interfaces/security/keymint/aidl/android/hardware/security/keymint/KeyCreationResult.aidl
@@ -88,4 +86,8 @@ object AttestationConstants {
     const val TAG_CERTIFICATE_SUBJECT = 1007
     const val TAG_CERTIFICATE_NOT_BEFORE = 1008
     const val TAG_CERTIFICATE_NOT_AFTER = 1009
+
+    // --- Other Constants ---
+    // https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/main/+/main:system/keymaster/km_openssl/attestation_record.cpp
+    const val CHALLENGE_LENGTH_LIMIT = 128 // kMaximumAttestationChallengeLength
 }

app/src/main/java/org/matrix/TEESimulator/attestation/AttestationPatcher.kt

@@ -83,6 +83,16 @@ object AttestationPatcher {
             }
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Helper to normalize algorithm names for Bouncy Castle. Old Android versions might reports
+     * "SHA256WITHECDSA", but Bouncy Castle expects "SHA256withECDSA".
+     */
+    private fun normalizeSignatureAlgorithm(algoName: String): String {
+        // 1. Force uppercase to handle "sha256withecdsa"
+        // 2. Replace "WITH" with "with" to satisfy Bouncy Castle's naming convention
+        return algoName.uppercase().replace("WITH", "with")
+    }
+
     /**
      * Creates a new leaf certificate with a modified attestation extension.
      *
@@ -128,7 +138,7 @@ object AttestationPatcher {
 
         // Sign the newly built certificate with the private key from our keybox.
         val signer =
-            JcaContentSignerBuilder(sigAlgName)
+            JcaContentSignerBuilder(normalizeSignatureAlgorithm(sigAlgName))
                 .setProvider(BouncyCastleProvider.PROVIDER_NAME)
                 .build(keybox.keyPair.private)
         val newCertificate = JcaX509CertificateConverter().getCertificate(builder.build(signer))
@@ -206,11 +216,37 @@ object AttestationPatcher {
         }
     }
 
+    // Function to check if a given ASN1Sequence contains the Root of Trust tag.
+    private fun sequenceContainsRootOfTrust(seq: ASN1Encodable): Boolean {
+        if (seq !is ASN1Sequence) return false
+        return seq.any { element ->
+            (element as? ASN1TaggedObject)?.tagNo == AttestationConstants.TAG_ROOT_OF_TRUST
+        }
+    }
+
     /** Parses the critical components from an existing attestation extension. */
     private fun parseAttestationExtension(certHolder: X509CertificateHolder): ParsedAttestation? {
         val extension = certHolder.getExtension(ATTESTATION_OID) ?: return null
         val sequence = ASN1Sequence.getInstance(extension.extnValue.octets)
         val allFields = sequence.toArray()
+
+        // Check if the fields are in the wrong order and swap them if necessary.
+        val softwareEnforcedCandidate =
+            allFields[AttestationConstants.KEY_DESCRIPTION_SOFTWARE_ENFORCED_INDEX]
+        val teeEnforcedCandidate =
+            allFields[AttestationConstants.KEY_DESCRIPTION_TEE_ENFORCED_INDEX]
+        // The signature of a swapped order: the RoT is in the software list's position.
+        if (
+            sequenceContainsRootOfTrust(softwareEnforcedCandidate) &&
+                !sequenceContainsRootOfTrust(teeEnforcedCandidate)
+        ) {
+            // Swap the elements in the array to restore the standard order.
+            allFields[AttestationConstants.KEY_DESCRIPTION_SOFTWARE_ENFORCED_INDEX] =
+                teeEnforcedCandidate
+            allFields[AttestationConstants.KEY_DESCRIPTION_TEE_ENFORCED_INDEX] =
+                softwareEnforcedCandidate
+        }
+
         val teeEnforced =
             allFields[AttestationConstants.KEY_DESCRIPTION_TEE_ENFORCED_INDEX] as ASN1Sequence
 

app/src/main/java/org/matrix/TEESimulator/attestation/DeviceAttestationService.kt

@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 package org.matrix.TEESimulator.attestation
 
 import android.annotation.SuppressLint
-import android.app.ActivityThread
-import android.os.Build
 import android.security.keystore.KeyGenParameterSpec
 import android.security.keystore.KeyProperties
 import java.security.KeyPairGenerator
@@ -83,16 +81,6 @@ object DeviceAttestationService {
     private fun checkTeeFunctionality(): Boolean {
         SystemLogger.info("Performing TEE functionality check...")
         return try {
-            // Ensure mainline modules and the correct Keystore provider are initialized.
-            if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.R) {
-                android.app.ActivityThread.initializeMainlineModules()
-            }
-            if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.S) {
-                android.security.keystore2.AndroidKeyStoreProvider.install()
-            } else {
-                android.security.keystore.AndroidKeyStoreProvider.install()
-            }
-
             val keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance("AndroidKeyStore").apply { load(null) }
             val keyPairGenerator =
                 KeyPairGenerator.getInstance(KeyProperties.KEY_ALGORITHM_EC, "AndroidKeyStore")
@@ -192,13 +180,15 @@ object DeviceAttestationService {
                 ASN1Sequence.getInstance(
                     fields[AttestationConstants.KEY_DESCRIPTION_SOFTWARE_ENFORCED_INDEX]
                 )
-            if (softwareEnforced.size() >= 3) {
+            moduleHash =
-                moduleHash =
+                softwareEnforced
-                    ASN1OctetString.getInstance(
+                    .toArray()
-                            ASN1TaggedObject.getInstance(softwareEnforced.getObjectAt(2)).baseObject
+                    .firstOrNull {
-                        )
+                        (it as? ASN1TaggedObject)?.tagNo == AttestationConstants.TAG_MODULE_HASH
-                        .octets
+                    }
-            }
+                    ?.let {
+                        ASN1OctetString.getInstance((it as ASN1TaggedObject).baseObject).octets
+                    }
 
             val teeEnforced =
                 ASN1Sequence.getInstance(
@@ -259,6 +249,10 @@ object DeviceAttestationService {
                 verifiedBootKey = null
             }
 
+            if (verifiedBootHash?.all { it == 0.toByte() } == true) {
+                verifiedBootHash = null
+            }
+
             SystemLogger.info(
                 "Successfully extracted attestation data: version=$attestVersion, osVersion=$osVersion, osPatch=$osPatchLevel, vendorPatch=$vendorPatchLevel, bootPatch=$bootPatchLevel, moduleHash=${moduleHash?.toHex()}, bootKey=${verifiedBootKey?.toHex()}, bootHash=${verifiedBootHash?.toHex()}"
             )

app/src/main/java/org/matrix/TEESimulator/attestation/KeyMintAttestation.kt

@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 package org.matrix.TEESimulator.attestation
 
-import android.hardware.security.keymint.EcCurve
+import android.hardware.security.keymint.*
-import android.hardware.security.keymint.KeyParameter
+import android.hardware.security.keymint.KeyOrigin
-import android.hardware.security.keymint.Tag
 import java.math.BigInteger
 import java.util.Date
 import javax.security.auth.x500.X500Principal
@@ -22,6 +21,9 @@ data class KeyMintAttestation(
     val algorithm: Int,
     val ecCurve: Int,
     val ecCurveName: String,
+    val origin: Int?,
+    val blockMode: List<Int>,
+    val padding: List<Int>,
     val purpose: List<Int>,
     val digest: List<Int>,
     val rsaPublicExponent: BigInteger?,
@@ -54,6 +56,15 @@ data class KeyMintAttestation(
         ecCurve = params.findEcCurve(Tag.EC_CURVE) ?: 0,
         ecCurveName = params.deriveEcCurveName(),
 
+        // AOSP: [key_param(tag = ORIGIN, field = Origin)]
+        origin = params.findOrigin(Tag.ORIGIN),
+
+        // AOSP: [key_param(tag = BLOCK_MODE, field = BlockMode)]
+        blockMode = params.findAllBlockMode(Tag.BLOCK_MODE),
+
+        // AOSP: [key_param(tag = PADDING, field = PaddingMode)]
+        padding = params.findAllPaddingMode(Tag.PADDING),
+
         // AOSP: [key_param(tag = PURPOSE, field = KeyPurpose)]
         purpose = params.findAllKeyPurpose(Tag.PURPOSE),
 
@@ -93,6 +104,10 @@ data class KeyMintAttestation(
         // Log all parsed parameters for debugging purposes.
         params.forEach { KeyMintParameterLogger.logParameter(it) }
     }
+
+    fun isAttestKey(): Boolean = purpose.size == 1 && purpose.contains(KeyPurpose.ATTEST_KEY)
+
+    fun isImportKey(): Boolean = origin == KeyOrigin.IMPORTED || origin == KeyOrigin.SECURELY_IMPORTED
 }
 
 // --- Private helper extension functions for parsing KeyParameter arrays ---
@@ -109,6 +124,10 @@ private fun Array<KeyParameter>.findAlgorithm(tag: Int): Int? =
 private fun Array<KeyParameter>.findEcCurve(tag: Int): Int? =
     this.find { it.tag == tag }?.value?.ecCurve
 
+/** Maps to AOSP field = Origin */
+private fun Array<KeyParameter>.findOrigin(tag: Int): Int? =
+    this.find { it.tag == tag }?.value?.origin
+
 /** Maps to AOSP field = LongInteger */
 private fun Array<KeyParameter>.findLongInteger(tag: Int): BigInteger? =
     this.find { it.tag == tag }?.value?.longInteger?.toBigInteger()
@@ -121,6 +140,14 @@ private fun Array<KeyParameter>.findDate(tag: Int): Date? =
 private fun Array<KeyParameter>.findBlob(tag: Int): ByteArray? =
     this.find { it.tag == tag }?.value?.blob
 
+/** Maps to AOSP field = BlockMode (Repeated) */
+private fun Array<KeyParameter>.findAllBlockMode(tag: Int): List<Int> =
+    this.filter { it.tag == tag }.map { it.value.blockMode }
+
+/** Maps to AOSP field = BlockMode (Repeated) */
+private fun Array<KeyParameter>.findAllPaddingMode(tag: Int): List<Int> =
+    this.filter { it.tag == tag }.map { it.value.paddingMode }
+
 /** Maps to AOSP field = KeyPurpose (Repeated) */
 private fun Array<KeyParameter>.findAllKeyPurpose(tag: Int): List<Int> =
     this.filter { it.tag == tag }.map { it.value.keyPurpose }

app/src/main/java/org/matrix/TEESimulator/config/ConfigurationManager.kt

@@ -54,6 +54,17 @@ object ConfigurationManager {
         configRoot.mkdirs()
         SystemLogger.info("Configuration root is: ${configRoot.absolutePath}")
 
+        // First, ensure the package manager service is running, as the TEE check depends on it.
+        // This prevents a race condition on startup.
+        SystemLogger.info("Waiting for PackageManagerService to be ready...")
+        if (getPackageManager() == null) {
+            SystemLogger.error(
+                "PackageManagerService is not available. TEE check will likely fail."
+            )
+        } else {
+            SystemLogger.info("PackageManagerService is ready.")
+        }
+
         // Initial load of all configuration files.
         loadTargetPackages(File(configRoot, TARGET_PACKAGES_FILE))
         loadPatchLevelConfig(File(configRoot, PATCH_LEVEL_FILE))
@@ -242,7 +253,14 @@ object ConfigurationManager {
             }
 
             // Parse global and per-package configurations.
-            val newGlobalLevel = parseLines(contextLines[""])
+            var newGlobalLevel = parseLines(contextLines[""])
+            // TrickyAddon writes Pixel bulletin dates for boot/vendor but system=prop
+            // resolves to the real device prop — force boot/vendor through the same path
+            // to prevent cross-component date mismatches on non-Pixel devices.
+            if (newGlobalLevel?.system.equals("prop", ignoreCase = true)) {
+                SystemLogger.info("system=prop: forcing boot/vendor to derive from device props (were: boot=${newGlobalLevel?.boot}, vendor=${newGlobalLevel?.vendor})")
+                newGlobalLevel = newGlobalLevel?.copy(boot = "prop", vendor = "prop")
+            }
             contextLines.remove("") // Remove global context to iterate over packages next
 
             for ((pkg, lines) in contextLines) {
@@ -296,8 +314,10 @@ object ConfigurationManager {
 
             val file = if (event != DELETE) File(configRoot, path) else null
             when (path) {
-                TARGET_PACKAGES_FILE -> loadTargetPackages(file!!)
+                TARGET_PACKAGES_FILE -> file?.let { loadTargetPackages(it) }
-                PATCH_LEVEL_FILE -> loadPatchLevelConfig(file!!)
+                    ?: SystemLogger.warning("$TARGET_PACKAGES_FILE was deleted.")
+                PATCH_LEVEL_FILE -> file?.let { loadPatchLevelConfig(it) }
+                    ?: SystemLogger.warning("$PATCH_LEVEL_FILE was deleted.")
                 // Any change to an XML file is assumed to be a keybox.
                 // The cache in KeyBoxManager will handle reloading it on its next use.
                 else ->
@@ -354,7 +374,7 @@ object ConfigurationManager {
 
     /** Waits for a system service to become available, with retries. */
     private fun waitForSystemService(name: String): IBinder? {
-        if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.O) {
+        if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.R) {
             return ServiceManager.waitForService(name)
         }
         // Fallback for older Android versions.

app/src/main/java/org/matrix/TEESimulator/interception/core/BinderInterceptor.kt

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ abstract class BinderInterceptor : Binder() {
          * Skips the original call and immediately returns a custom reply parcel to the caller. The
          * provided parcel will be recycled after use.
          */
-        data class OverrideReply(val code: Int = 0, val reply: Parcel) : TransactionResult()
+        data class OverrideReply(val reply: Parcel, val code: Int = 0) : TransactionResult()
 
         /**
          * Modifies the transaction's input data before forwarding it to the original binder method.
@@ -248,6 +248,8 @@ abstract class BinderInterceptor : Binder() {
         private const val BACKDOOR_TRANSACTION_CODE = 0xdeadbeef.toInt()
         // Code used by the backdoor binder to register a new interceptor.
         private const val REGISTER_INTERCEPTOR_CODE = 1
+        // Code used by the backdoor binder to unregister an interceptor.
+        private const val UNREGISTER_INTERCEPTOR_CODE = 2
 
         // --- Hook Type Codes ---
         // Indicates that the call is for a pre-transaction hook.
@@ -307,5 +309,21 @@ abstract class BinderInterceptor : Binder() {
                 reply.recycle()
             }
         }
+
+        /** Uses the backdoor binder to unregister an interceptor for a specific target service. */
+        fun unregister(backdoor: IBinder, target: IBinder) {
+            val data = Parcel.obtain()
+            val reply = Parcel.obtain()
+            try {
+                data.writeStrongBinder(target)
+                backdoor.transact(UNREGISTER_INTERCEPTOR_CODE, data, reply, 0)
+                SystemLogger.info("Unregistered interceptor for target: $target")
+            } catch (e: Exception) {
+                SystemLogger.error("Failed to unregister binder interceptor.", e)
+            } finally {
+                data.recycle()
+                reply.recycle()
+            }
+        }
     }
 }

app/src/main/java/org/matrix/TEESimulator/interception/keystore/InterceptorUtils.kt

@@ -12,6 +12,17 @@ data class KeyIdentifier(val uid: Int, val alias: String)
 /** A collection of utility functions to support binder interception. */
 object InterceptorUtils {
 
+    private const val EX_SERVICE_SPECIFIC = -8
+
+    fun createErrorReply(errorCode: Int): BinderInterceptor.TransactionResult.OverrideReply {
+        val parcel = Parcel.obtain().apply {
+            writeInt(EX_SERVICE_SPECIFIC)
+            writeString(null)
+            writeInt(errorCode)
+        }
+        return BinderInterceptor.TransactionResult.OverrideReply(parcel)
+    }
+
     /**
      * Uses reflection to get the integer transaction code for a given method name from a Stub
      * class. This is necessary for older Android versions where codes are not public constants.
@@ -52,7 +63,7 @@ object InterceptorUtils {
                     writeInt(KeyStore.NO_ERROR)
                 }
             }
-        return BinderInterceptor.TransactionResult.OverrideReply(0, parcel)
+        return BinderInterceptor.TransactionResult.OverrideReply(parcel)
     }
 
     /** Creates an `OverrideReply` parcel containing a raw byte array. */
@@ -62,7 +73,20 @@ object InterceptorUtils {
                 writeNoException()
                 writeByteArray(data)
             }
-        return BinderInterceptor.TransactionResult.OverrideReply(KeyStore.NO_ERROR, parcel)
+        return BinderInterceptor.TransactionResult.OverrideReply(parcel)
+    }
+
+    /** Creates an `OverrideReply` parcel containing a typed array. */
+    fun <T : Parcelable> createTypedArrayReply(
+        array: Array<T>,
+        flags: Int = 0,
+    ): BinderInterceptor.TransactionResult.OverrideReply {
+        val parcel =
+            Parcel.obtain().apply {
+                writeNoException()
+                writeTypedArray(array, flags)
+            }
+        return BinderInterceptor.TransactionResult.OverrideReply(parcel)
     }
 
     /** Creates an `OverrideReply` parcel containing a Parcelable object. */
@@ -75,19 +99,20 @@ object InterceptorUtils {
                 writeNoException()
                 writeTypedObject(obj, flags)
             }
-        return BinderInterceptor.TransactionResult.OverrideReply(0, parcel)
+        return BinderInterceptor.TransactionResult.OverrideReply(parcel)
     }
 
     /**
-     * Extracts the true key alias from the keystore-prefixed string (e.g., "user_cert_my-alias" ->
+     * Extracts the base alias from a potentially prefixed alias string. For example, it converts
-     * "my-alias").
+     * "USRCERT_my_key" to "my_key".
      */
     fun extractAlias(prefixedAlias: String): String {
         val underscoreIndex = prefixedAlias.indexOf('_')
-        val secondUnderscoreIndex = prefixedAlias.indexOf('_', underscoreIndex + 1)
+        return if (underscoreIndex != -1) {
-        return if (secondUnderscoreIndex != -1) {
+            // Return the part of the string after the first underscore.
-            prefixedAlias.substring(secondUnderscoreIndex + 1)
+            prefixedAlias.substring(underscoreIndex + 1)
         } else {
+            // If there's no underscore, return the original string.
             prefixedAlias
         }
     }

app/src/main/java/org/matrix/TEESimulator/interception/keystore/Keystore2Interceptor.kt

@@ -1,20 +1,23 @@
 package org.matrix.TEESimulator.interception.keystore
 
 import android.annotation.SuppressLint
-import android.hardware.security.keymint.KeyOrigin
 import android.hardware.security.keymint.SecurityLevel
-import android.hardware.security.keymint.Tag
+import android.os.Build
 import android.os.IBinder
 import android.os.Parcel
 import android.system.keystore2.IKeystoreService
 import android.system.keystore2.KeyDescriptor
 import android.system.keystore2.KeyEntryResponse
+import java.security.SecureRandom
 import java.security.cert.Certificate
 import org.matrix.TEESimulator.attestation.AttestationPatcher
+import org.matrix.TEESimulator.attestation.KeyMintAttestation
 import org.matrix.TEESimulator.config.ConfigurationManager
+import org.matrix.TEESimulator.interception.keystore.shim.GeneratedKeyPersistence
 import org.matrix.TEESimulator.interception.keystore.shim.KeyMintSecurityLevelInterceptor
 import org.matrix.TEESimulator.logging.KeyMintParameterLogger
 import org.matrix.TEESimulator.logging.SystemLogger
+import org.matrix.TEESimulator.pki.CertificateGenerator
 import org.matrix.TEESimulator.pki.CertificateHelper
 
 /**
@@ -26,16 +29,24 @@ import org.matrix.TEESimulator.pki.CertificateHelper
  */
 @SuppressLint("BlockedPrivateApi")
 object Keystore2Interceptor : AbstractKeystoreInterceptor() {
+    private val stubBinderClass = IKeystoreService.Stub::class.java
+
     // Transaction codes for the IKeystoreService interface methods we are interested in.
     private val GET_KEY_ENTRY_TRANSACTION =
-        InterceptorUtils.getTransactCode(IKeystoreService.Stub::class.java, "getKeyEntry")
+        InterceptorUtils.getTransactCode(stubBinderClass, "getKeyEntry")
     private val DELETE_KEY_TRANSACTION =
-        InterceptorUtils.getTransactCode(IKeystoreService.Stub::class.java, "deleteKey")
+        InterceptorUtils.getTransactCode(stubBinderClass, "deleteKey")
+    private val UPDATE_SUBCOMPONENT_TRANSACTION =
+        InterceptorUtils.getTransactCode(stubBinderClass, "updateSubcomponent")
+    private val LIST_ENTRIES_TRANSACTION =
+        InterceptorUtils.getTransactCode(stubBinderClass, "listEntries")
+    private val LIST_ENTRIES_BATCHED_TRANSACTION =
+        if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= 34)
+            InterceptorUtils.getTransactCode(stubBinderClass, "listEntriesBatched")
+        else null
 
     private val transactionNames: Map<Int, String> by lazy {
-        IKeystoreService.Stub::class
+        stubBinderClass.declaredFields
-            .java
-            .declaredFields
             .filter {
                 it.isAccessible = true
                 it.type == Int::class.java && it.name.startsWith("TRANSACTION_")
@@ -64,6 +75,7 @@ object Keystore2Interceptor : AbstractKeystoreInterceptor() {
                     val interceptor =
                         KeyMintSecurityLevelInterceptor(tee, SecurityLevel.TRUSTED_ENVIRONMENT)
                     register(backdoor, tee.asBinder(), interceptor)
+                    interceptor.loadPersistedKeys()
                 }
             }
             .onFailure { SystemLogger.error("Failed to intercept TEE SecurityLevel.", it) }
@@ -75,6 +87,7 @@ object Keystore2Interceptor : AbstractKeystoreInterceptor() {
                     val interceptor =
                         KeyMintSecurityLevelInterceptor(strongbox, SecurityLevel.STRONGBOX)
                     register(backdoor, strongbox.asBinder(), interceptor)
+                    interceptor.loadPersistedKeys()
                 }
             }
             .onFailure { SystemLogger.error("Failed to intercept StrongBox SecurityLevel.", it) }
@@ -89,18 +102,57 @@ object Keystore2Interceptor : AbstractKeystoreInterceptor() {
         callingPid: Int,
         data: Parcel,
     ): TransactionResult {
-        if (code == GET_KEY_ENTRY_TRANSACTION || code == DELETE_KEY_TRANSACTION) {
+        if (code == LIST_ENTRIES_TRANSACTION || code == LIST_ENTRIES_BATCHED_TRANSACTION) {
-            logTransaction(txId, transactionNames[code]!!, callingUid, callingPid)
+            logTransaction(txId, transactionNames[code]!!, callingUid, callingPid, true)
 
-            data.enforceInterface(IKeystoreService.DESCRIPTOR)
+            val packages = ConfigurationManager.getPackagesForUid(callingUid).joinToString()
-            val descriptor =
+            val isGMS = packages.contains("com.google.android.gms")
-                data.readTypedObject(KeyDescriptor.CREATOR)
+
-                    ?: return TransactionResult.SkipTransaction
+            if (isGMS || ConfigurationManager.shouldSkipUid(callingUid)) {
+                return TransactionResult.ContinueAndSkipPost
+            }
+
+            return runCatching {
+                    val isBatchMode = code == LIST_ENTRIES_BATCHED_TRANSACTION
+                    if (ListEntriesHandler.cacheParameters(txId, data, isBatchMode)) {
+                        TransactionResult.Continue
+                    } else {
+                        TransactionResult.ContinueAndSkipPost
+                    }
+                }
+                .getOrElse {
+                    SystemLogger.error(
+                        "[TX_ID: $txId] Failed to parse parameters for ${transactionNames[code]!!}",
+                        it,
+                    )
+                    TransactionResult.ContinueAndSkipPost
+                }
+        } else if (
+            code == GET_KEY_ENTRY_TRANSACTION ||
+                code == DELETE_KEY_TRANSACTION ||
+                code == UPDATE_SUBCOMPONENT_TRANSACTION
+        ) {
+            logTransaction(txId, transactionNames[code]!!, callingUid, callingPid)
 
             if (ConfigurationManager.shouldSkipUid(callingUid))
                 return TransactionResult.ContinueAndSkipPost
 
-            SystemLogger.info("Handling ${transactionNames[code]!!} ${descriptor.alias}")
+            if (code == UPDATE_SUBCOMPONENT_TRANSACTION)
+                return handleUpdateSubcomponent(callingUid, data)
+
+            data.enforceInterface(IKeystoreService.DESCRIPTOR)
+            val descriptor =
+                data.readTypedObject(KeyDescriptor.CREATOR)
+                    ?: return TransactionResult.ContinueAndSkipPost
+
+            if (descriptor.alias != null) {
+                SystemLogger.info("Handling ${transactionNames[code]!!} ${descriptor.alias}")
+            } else {
+                SystemLogger.info(
+                    "Skip ${transactionNames[code]!!} for key [alias, blob, domain, nspace]: [${descriptor.alias}, ${descriptor.blob}, ${descriptor.domain}, ${descriptor.nspace}]"
+                )
+                return TransactionResult.ContinueAndSkipPost
+            }
             val keyId = KeyIdentifier(callingUid, descriptor.alias)
 
             if (code == DELETE_KEY_TRANSACTION) {
@@ -154,73 +206,165 @@ object Keystore2Interceptor : AbstractKeystoreInterceptor() {
         if (target != keystoreService || reply == null || InterceptorUtils.hasException(reply))
             return TransactionResult.SkipTransaction
 
-        if (code == GET_KEY_ENTRY_TRANSACTION) {
+        if (code == LIST_ENTRIES_TRANSACTION || code == LIST_ENTRIES_BATCHED_TRANSACTION) {
             logTransaction(txId, "post-${transactionNames[code]!!}", callingUid, callingPid)
 
+            return runCatching {
+                    val updatedKeyDescriptors =
+                        ListEntriesHandler.injectGeneratedKeys(txId, callingUid, reply)
+                    InterceptorUtils.createTypedArrayReply(updatedKeyDescriptors)
+                }
+                .getOrElse {
+                    SystemLogger.error(
+                        "[TX_ID: $txId] Failed to update the result of ${transactionNames[code]!!}.",
+                        it,
+                    )
+                    TransactionResult.SkipTransaction
+                }
+        } else if (code == GET_KEY_ENTRY_TRANSACTION) {
             data.enforceInterface(IKeystoreService.DESCRIPTOR)
             val keyDescriptor =
                 data.readTypedObject(KeyDescriptor.CREATOR)
                     ?: return TransactionResult.SkipTransaction
 
+            logTransaction(
+                txId,
+                "post-${transactionNames[code]!!} ${keyDescriptor.alias}",
+                callingUid,
+                callingPid,
+            )
+
             if (!ConfigurationManager.shouldPatch(callingUid))
                 return TransactionResult.SkipTransaction
 
-            SystemLogger.info("Handling post-${transactionNames[code]!!} ${keyDescriptor.alias}")
+            runCatching {
-            return try {
+                    val response = reply.readTypedObject(KeyEntryResponse.CREATOR)!!
-                val response =
+                    val keyId = KeyIdentifier(callingUid, keyDescriptor.alias)
-                    reply.readTypedObject(KeyEntryResponse.CREATOR)
-                        ?: return TransactionResult.SkipTransaction
-                reply.setDataPosition(0) // Reset for potential reuse.
 
-                val originalChain = CertificateHelper.getCertificateChain(response)
+                    val authorizations = response.metadata.authorizations
-                val authorizations = response.metadata?.authorizations
+                    val parsedParameters =
-                val origin =
+                        KeyMintAttestation(
-                    authorizations
+                            authorizations?.map { it.keyParameter }?.toTypedArray() ?: emptyArray()
-                        ?.find { it.keyParameter.tag == Tag.ORIGIN }
+                        )
-                        ?.let { it.keyParameter.value.origin }
 
-                if (origin == KeyOrigin.IMPORTED || origin == KeyOrigin.SECURELY_IMPORTED) {
+                    if (parsedParameters.isImportKey()) {
-                    SystemLogger.info("[TX_ID: $txId] Skip patching for imported keys.")
+                        val retainedChain = KeyMintSecurityLevelInterceptor.getPatchedChain(keyId)
-                    return TransactionResult.SkipTransaction
+                        if (retainedChain == null) {
+                            SystemLogger.info("[TX_ID: $txId] Skip patching for imported key (no prior attestation).")
+                            return TransactionResult.SkipTransaction
+                        }
+                        SystemLogger.info("[TX_ID: $txId] Imported key overwrote attested alias, serving retained chain for $keyId")
+                        CertificateHelper.updateCertificateChain(response.metadata, retainedChain).getOrThrow()
+                        return InterceptorUtils.createTypedObjectReply(response)
+                    }
+
+                    if (parsedParameters.isAttestKey()) {
+                        SystemLogger.warning(
+                            "[TX_ID: $txId] Found hardware attest key ${keyId.alias} in the reply."
+                        )
+                        val keyData =
+                            CertificateGenerator.generateAttestedKeyPair(
+                                callingUid,
+                                keyId.alias,
+                                null,
+                                parsedParameters,
+                                response.metadata.keySecurityLevel,
+                            ) ?: throw Exception("Failed to create overriding attest key pair.")
+
+                        CertificateHelper.updateCertificateChain(
+                                response.metadata,
+                                keyData.second.toTypedArray(),
+                            )
+                            .getOrThrow()
+
+                        keyDescriptor.nspace = SecureRandom().nextLong()
+                        KeyMintSecurityLevelInterceptor.generatedKeys[keyId] =
+                            KeyMintSecurityLevelInterceptor.GeneratedKeyInfo(
+                                keyData.first,
+                                keyDescriptor.nspace,
+                                response,
+                            )
+                        KeyMintSecurityLevelInterceptor.attestationKeys.add(keyId)
+
+                        GeneratedKeyPersistence.save(
+                            keyId = keyId,
+                            keyPair = keyData.first,
+                            nspace = keyDescriptor.nspace,
+                            securityLevel = response.metadata.keySecurityLevel,
+                            certChain = keyData.second,
+                            algorithm = parsedParameters.algorithm,
+                            keySize = parsedParameters.keySize,
+                            ecCurve = parsedParameters.ecCurve,
+                            purposes = parsedParameters.purpose,
+                            digests = parsedParameters.digest,
+                            isAttestationKey = true,
+                        )
+
+                        return InterceptorUtils.createTypedObjectReply(response)
+                    }
+
+                    val originalChain = CertificateHelper.getCertificateChain(response)
+
+                    if (originalChain == null || originalChain.size < 2) {
+                        SystemLogger.info(
+                            "[TX_ID: $txId] Skip patching short certificate chain of length ${originalChain?.size}."
+                        )
+                        return TransactionResult.SkipTransaction
+                    }
+
+                    val cachedChain = KeyMintSecurityLevelInterceptor.getPatchedChain(keyId)
+
+                    val finalChain: Array<Certificate>
+                    if (cachedChain != null) {
+                        SystemLogger.debug(
+                            "[TX_ID: $txId] Using cached patched certificate chain for $keyId."
+                        )
+                        finalChain = cachedChain
+                    } else {
+                        SystemLogger.info(
+                            "[TX_ID: $txId] No cached chain for $keyId. Performing live patch as a fallback."
+                        )
+                        finalChain =
+                            AttestationPatcher.patchCertificateChain(originalChain, callingUid)
+                    }
+
+                    CertificateHelper.updateCertificateChain(response.metadata, finalChain)
+                        .getOrThrow()
+
+                    return InterceptorUtils.createTypedObjectReply(response)
                 }
-
+                .onFailure {
-                if (originalChain == null || originalChain.size < 2) {
+                    SystemLogger.error(
-                    SystemLogger.info(
+                        "[TX_ID: $txId] Failed to modify hardware KeyEntryResponse.",
-                        "[TX_ID: $txId] Skip patching short certificate chain of length ${originalChain?.size}."
+                        it,
                     )
                     return TransactionResult.SkipTransaction
                 }
-
-                // Perform the attestation patch.
-                val keyId = KeyIdentifier(callingUid, keyDescriptor.alias)
-
-                // First, try to retrieve the already-patched chain from our cache to ensure
-                // consistency.
-                val cachedChain = KeyMintSecurityLevelInterceptor.getPatchedChain(keyId)
-
-                val finalChain: Array<Certificate>
-                if (cachedChain != null) {
-                    SystemLogger.debug(
-                        "[TX_ID: $txId] Using cached patched certificate chain for $keyId."
-                    )
-                    finalChain = cachedChain
-                } else {
-                    // If no chain is cached (e.g., key existed before simulator started),
-                    // perform a live patch as a fallback. This may still be detectable.
-                    SystemLogger.info(
-                        "[TX_ID: $txId] No cached chain for $keyId. Performing live patch as a fallback."
-                    )
-                    finalChain = AttestationPatcher.patchCertificateChain(originalChain, callingUid)
-                }
-
-                CertificateHelper.updateCertificateChain(response.metadata, finalChain).getOrThrow()
-
-                InterceptorUtils.createTypedObjectReply(response)
-            } catch (e: Exception) {
-                SystemLogger.error("[TX_ID: $txId] Failed to patch certificate chain.", e)
-                TransactionResult.SkipTransaction
-            }
         }
         return TransactionResult.SkipTransaction
     }
+
+    private fun handleUpdateSubcomponent(callingUid: Int, data: Parcel): TransactionResult {
+        data.enforceInterface(IKeystoreService.DESCRIPTOR)
+        val descriptor = data.readTypedObject(KeyDescriptor.CREATOR)
+        val generatedKeyInfo =
+            KeyMintSecurityLevelInterceptor.findGeneratedKeyByKeyId(callingUid, descriptor?.nspace)
+                ?: return TransactionResult.ContinueAndSkipPost
+
+        SystemLogger.info("Updating sub-component with key[${generatedKeyInfo.nspace}]")
+        val metadata = generatedKeyInfo.response.metadata
+        val publicCert = data.createByteArray()
+        val certificateChain = data.createByteArray()
+
+        metadata.certificate = publicCert
+        metadata.certificateChain = certificateChain
+
+        GeneratedKeyPersistence.rePersistIfNeeded(callingUid, generatedKeyInfo)
+
+        SystemLogger.verbose(
+            "Key updated with sizes: [publicCert, certificateChain] = [${publicCert?.size}, ${certificateChain?.size}]"
+        )
+
+        return InterceptorUtils.createSuccessReply(writeResultCode = false)
+    }
 }

app/src/main/java/org/matrix/TEESimulator/interception/keystore/KeystoreInterceptor.kt

@@ -55,6 +55,28 @@ object KeystoreInterceptor : AbstractKeystoreInterceptor() {
         InterceptorUtils.getTransactCode(IKeystoreService.Stub::class.java, "attestKey")
     }
 
+    private val transactionNames: Map<Int, String> by lazy {
+        IKeystoreService.Stub::class
+            .java
+            .declaredFields
+            .filter {
+                it.isAccessible = true
+                it.type == Int::class.java && it.name.startsWith("TRANSACTION_")
+            }
+            .associate { field -> (field.get(null) as Int) to field.name.split("_")[1] }
+    }
+
+    // A map to dispatch transaction handling for software key generation.
+    private val generateKeyHandlers:
+        Map<Int, (Long, Int, Int, Parcel) -> TransactionResult> by lazy {
+        mapOf(
+            GENERATE_KEY_TRANSACTION to ::handleGenerateKey,
+            GET_KEY_CHARACTERISTICS_TRANSACTION to ::handleGetKeyCharacteristics,
+            EXPORT_KEY_TRANSACTION to ::handleExportKey,
+            ATTEST_KEY_TRANSACTION to ::handleAttestKey,
+        )
+    }
+
     override val serviceName = "android.security.keystore"
     override val processName = "keystore"
     override val injectionCommand = "exec ./inject `pidof keystore` libTEESimulator.so entry"
@@ -76,26 +98,33 @@ object KeystoreInterceptor : AbstractKeystoreInterceptor() {
         data: Parcel,
     ): TransactionResult {
         // This interceptor only needs to act on pre-transaction for software key generation.
+        // Handle 'generate' mode interceptions using the handler map.
         if (ConfigurationManager.shouldGenerate(callingUid)) {
-            return when (code) {
+            generateKeyHandlers[code]?.let { handler ->
-                GENERATE_KEY_TRANSACTION -> handleGenerateKey(txId, callingUid, callingPid, data)
+                logTransaction(txId, transactionNames[code]!!, callingUid, callingPid)
-                GET_KEY_CHARACTERISTICS_TRANSACTION ->
+                return handler(txId, callingUid, callingPid, data)
-                    handleGetKeyCharacteristics(txId, callingUid, callingPid, data)
-                EXPORT_KEY_TRANSACTION -> handleExportKey(txId, callingUid, callingPid, data)
-                ATTEST_KEY_TRANSACTION -> handleAttestKey(txId, callingUid, callingPid, data)
-                else -> TransactionResult.ContinueAndSkipPost
             }
-        } else if (ConfigurationManager.shouldPatch(callingUid)) {
-            // In patch mode, we only care about the 'get' transaction in onPostTransact.
-            if (code == GET_TRANSACTION) return TransactionResult.Continue
         }
 
+        // Handle 'patch' mode interceptions for the 'get' transaction.
+        if (ConfigurationManager.shouldPatch(callingUid) && code == GET_TRANSACTION) {
+            logTransaction(txId, transactionNames[code]!!, callingUid, callingPid, true)
+            return TransactionResult.Continue
+        }
+
+        // Default behavior for all other transactions.
+        logTransaction(
+            txId,
+            transactionNames[code] ?: "unknown code=$code",
+            callingUid,
+            callingPid,
+            true,
+        )
         return TransactionResult.ContinueAndSkipPost
     }
 
     private fun handleGenerateKey(txId: Long, uid: Int, pid: Int, data: Parcel): TransactionResult {
         return runCatching {
-                logTransaction(txId, "generateKey", uid, pid)
                 data.enforceInterface(IKeystoreService.DESCRIPTOR)
                 val callback =
                     IKeystoreKeyCharacteristicsCallback.Stub.asInterface(data.readStrongBinder())
@@ -133,7 +162,6 @@ object KeystoreInterceptor : AbstractKeystoreInterceptor() {
         data: Parcel,
     ): TransactionResult {
         return runCatching {
-                logTransaction(txId, "getKeyCharacteristics", uid, pid)
                 data.enforceInterface(IKeystoreService.DESCRIPTOR)
                 val callback =
                     IKeystoreKeyCharacteristicsCallback.Stub.asInterface(data.readStrongBinder())
@@ -168,7 +196,6 @@ object KeystoreInterceptor : AbstractKeystoreInterceptor() {
 
     private fun handleExportKey(txId: Long, uid: Int, pid: Int, data: Parcel): TransactionResult {
         return runCatching {
-                logTransaction(txId, "exportKey", uid, pid)
                 data.enforceInterface(IKeystoreService.DESCRIPTOR)
                 val callback = IKeystoreExportKeyCallback.Stub.asInterface(data.readStrongBinder())
                 val alias = InterceptorUtils.extractAlias(data.readString()!!)
@@ -206,7 +233,6 @@ object KeystoreInterceptor : AbstractKeystoreInterceptor() {
 
     private fun handleAttestKey(txId: Long, uid: Int, pid: Int, data: Parcel): TransactionResult {
         return runCatching {
-                logTransaction(txId, "attestKey", uid, pid)
                 data.enforceInterface(IKeystoreService.DESCRIPTOR)
                 val callback =
                     IKeystoreCertificateChainCallback.Stub.asInterface(data.readStrongBinder())
@@ -230,7 +256,6 @@ object KeystoreInterceptor : AbstractKeystoreInterceptor() {
                             ByteArray(0),
                         )
                     params.attestationChallenge = challenge
-                    params.attestationChallenge = challenge
                 }
 
                 val certificateChain =
@@ -271,6 +296,9 @@ object KeystoreInterceptor : AbstractKeystoreInterceptor() {
                 reply == null ||
                 InterceptorUtils.hasException(reply)
         ) {
+            SystemLogger.debug(
+                "[TX_ID: $txId] Skip parsing post-transaction for [target, code, reply]: [$target, $code, $reply]"
+            )
             return TransactionResult.SkipTransaction
         }
 
@@ -281,6 +309,9 @@ object KeystoreInterceptor : AbstractKeystoreInterceptor() {
             val alias = data.readString() ?: ""
             val extractedAlias = InterceptorUtils.extractAlias(alias)
             val keyId = KeyIdentifier(callingUid, extractedAlias)
+            SystemLogger.debug(
+                "[TX_ID: $txId] Parsed $keyId during post-transaction of ${transactionNames[code]}"
+            )
 
             when {
                 // Case 1: The app is requesting the leaf certificate.
@@ -376,8 +407,11 @@ private data class LegacyKeygenParameters(
         return KeyMintAttestation(
             keySize = this.keySize,
             algorithm = this.algorithm,
-            ecCurve = 0, // Not explicitly available in legacy args, but not critical
+            ecCurve = 0,
             ecCurveName = this.ecCurveName ?: "",
+            origin = null,
+            blockMode = listOf<Int>(),
+            padding = listOf<Int>(),
             purpose = this.purpose,
             digest = this.digest,
             rsaPublicExponent = this.rsaPublicExponent,

app/src/main/java/org/matrix/TEESimulator/interception/keystore/ListEntriesHandler.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+package org.matrix.TEESimulator.interception.keystore
+
+import android.os.Parcel
+import android.system.keystore2.Domain
+import android.system.keystore2.IKeystoreService
+import android.system.keystore2.KeyDescriptor
+import java.util.TreeMap
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap
+import org.matrix.TEESimulator.interception.keystore.shim.KeyMintSecurityLevelInterceptor
+import org.matrix.TEESimulator.logging.SystemLogger
+
+/**
+ * Handler to intercept listEntries and listEntriesBatched transactions.
+ *
+ * References for all mentioned functions in AOSP:
+ * https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/main/+/main:system/security/keystore2/src/database.rs
+ * https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/main/+/main:system/security/keystore2/src/service.rs
+ * https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/main/+/main:system/security/keystore2/src/utils.rs
+ */
+object ListEntriesHandler {
+
+    // Estimate for maximum size of a Binder response in bytes.
+    private const val RESPONSE_SIZE_LIMIT = 358400
+
+    // Parameters of AOSP function `list_key_entries` in utils.rs.
+    private data class ListEntriesParams(
+        val domain: Int,
+        val namespace: Long,
+        val startPastAlias: String?,
+    )
+
+    private val pendingParams = ConcurrentHashMap<Long, ListEntriesParams>()
+
+    // Based on AOSP function `estimate_safe_amount_to_return` in utils.rs.
+    private fun estimateSafeAmountToReturn(
+        keyDescriptors: Array<KeyDescriptor>,
+        responseSizeLimit: Int,
+    ): Int {
+        var itemsToReturn = 0
+        var returnedBytes = 0
+
+        for (kd in keyDescriptors) {
+            // 4 bytes for the Domain enum
+            // 8 bytes for the Namespace long
+            returnedBytes += 4 + 8
+
+            kd.alias?.let { returnedBytes += 4 + it.toByteArray(Charsets.UTF_8).size }
+            kd.blob?.let { returnedBytes += 4 + it.size }
+
+            if (returnedBytes > responseSizeLimit) {
+                SystemLogger.warning(
+                    "Key descriptors list (${keyDescriptors.size} items) may exceed binder size limit, returning $itemsToReturn items with estimated size: $returnedBytes bytes."
+                )
+                break
+            }
+            itemsToReturn++
+        }
+
+        return itemsToReturn
+    }
+
+    // Parse and store parameters for later use (in post-transaction).
+    fun cacheParameters(txId: Long, data: Parcel, isBatchMode: Boolean): Boolean {
+        data.enforceInterface(IKeystoreService.DESCRIPTOR)
+
+        val domain = data.readInt()
+        val namespace = data.readLong()
+        val startPastAlias = if (isBatchMode) data.readString() else null
+
+        // List entries is only supported for Domain::APP and Domain::SELINUX.
+        // See AOSP function `get_key_descriptor_for_lookup` in service.rs.
+        // Note that all generated keys belong to Domain::APP.
+        if (domain == Domain.APP) {
+            pendingParams[txId] = ListEntriesParams(domain, namespace, startPastAlias)
+            SystemLogger.debug("[TX_ID: $txId] Cached ${pendingParams[txId]}.")
+            return true
+        }
+
+        return false
+    }
+
+    // Merge software-backed keys with hardware-backed keys in the reply parcel.
+    fun injectGeneratedKeys(txId: Long, callingUid: Int, reply: Parcel): Array<KeyDescriptor> {
+        val params =
+            pendingParams.remove(txId)
+                ?: throw IllegalStateException("No params found for listing entries")
+
+        // By default we use the calling uid as namespace if domain is Domain::APP.
+        // The namespace parameter is thus ignored for non-privileged applications.
+        // See AOSP function `get_key_descriptor_for_lookup` in service.rs.
+        val keysToInject =
+            extractGeneratedKeyDescriptors(callingUid, callingUid.toLong(), params.startPastAlias)
+        val originalList = reply.createTypedArray(KeyDescriptor.CREATOR)!!
+        val mergedArray = mergeKeyDescriptors(originalList, keysToInject)
+
+        // Limit response size to avoid binder buffer overflow.
+        // See AOSP function `list_key_entries` in utils.rs.
+        val safeAmountToReturn = estimateSafeAmountToReturn(mergedArray, RESPONSE_SIZE_LIMIT)
+
+        return if (safeAmountToReturn < mergedArray.size) {
+            SystemLogger.debug(
+                "[TX_ID: $txId] Listing entries are truncated [${mergedArray.size} -> $safeAmountToReturn] to avoid transaction overflow."
+            )
+            mergedArray.copyOfRange(0, safeAmountToReturn)
+        } else {
+            SystemLogger.debug(
+                "[TX_ID: $txId] Listing entries returns ${mergedArray.size} [injected: ${keysToInject.size}] keys."
+            )
+            mergedArray
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Merge hardware and software key descriptors into a single sorted array.
+    private fun mergeKeyDescriptors(
+        hardwareKeys: Array<KeyDescriptor>,
+        keysToInject: List<KeyDescriptor>,
+    ): Array<KeyDescriptor> {
+        // Uses TreeMap to ensure alphabetical ordering and uniqueness (prefer injected keys).
+        val combinedMap = TreeMap<String, KeyDescriptor>()
+        hardwareKeys.forEach { key -> key.alias?.let { combinedMap[it] = key } }
+        keysToInject.forEach { key -> key.alias?.let { combinedMap[it] = key } }
+        return combinedMap.values.toTypedArray()
+    }
+
+    // Based on AOSP function `list_past_alias` in database.rs
+    private fun extractGeneratedKeyDescriptors(
+        uid: Int,
+        namespace: Long,
+        startPastAlias: String?,
+    ): List<KeyDescriptor> {
+        return KeyMintSecurityLevelInterceptor.generatedKeys.keys
+            .filter { it.uid == uid && (startPastAlias == null || it.alias < startPastAlias) }
+            .map { keyId ->
+                KeyDescriptor().apply {
+                    this.domain = Domain.APP
+                    this.nspace = namespace
+                    this.alias = keyId.alias
+                    this.blob = null
+                }
+            }
+    }
+}

app/src/main/java/org/matrix/TEESimulator/interception/keystore/shim/GeneratedKeyPersistence.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,376 @@
+package org.matrix.TEESimulator.interception.keystore.shim
+
+import java.io.BufferedInputStream
+import java.io.BufferedOutputStream
+import java.io.DataInputStream
+import java.io.DataOutputStream
+import java.io.File
+import java.io.FileInputStream
+import java.io.FileOutputStream
+import java.io.IOException
+import java.security.KeyPair
+import java.security.MessageDigest
+import java.security.cert.Certificate
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock
+import org.matrix.TEESimulator.config.ConfigurationManager.CONFIG_PATH
+import org.matrix.TEESimulator.interception.keystore.KeyIdentifier
+import org.matrix.TEESimulator.logging.SystemLogger
+import org.matrix.TEESimulator.pki.CertificateHelper
+
+data class PersistedKeyData(
+    val uid: Int,
+    val alias: String,
+    val nspace: Long,
+    val securityLevel: Int,
+    val isAttestationKey: Boolean,
+    val algorithm: Int,
+    val keySize: Int,
+    val ecCurve: Int,
+    val purposes: List<Int>,
+    val digests: List<Int>,
+    val privateKeyBytes: ByteArray,
+    val certChainBytes: List<ByteArray>,
+)
+
+object GeneratedKeyPersistence {
+
+    private const val FORMAT_VERSION = 1
+    private val PERSISTENCE_DIR = File(CONFIG_PATH, "persistent_keys")
+
+    // Per-filename locks to prevent concurrent writes to the same key file
+    private val fileLocks = ConcurrentHashMap<String, ReentrantLock>()
+
+    private fun getLockForKey(filename: String): ReentrantLock {
+        return fileLocks.computeIfAbsent(filename) { ReentrantLock() }
+    }
+
+    fun save(
+        keyId: KeyIdentifier,
+        keyPair: KeyPair,
+        nspace: Long,
+        securityLevel: Int,
+        certChain: List<Certificate>,
+        algorithm: Int,
+        keySize: Int,
+        ecCurve: Int,
+        purposes: List<Int>,
+        digests: List<Int>,
+        isAttestationKey: Boolean,
+    ) {
+        val filename = keyFileName(keyId.uid, keyId.alias)
+        val lock = getLockForKey(filename)
+        SystemLogger.debug("[Persistence] Acquiring lock for $filename")
+        lock.lock()
+        try {
+            SystemLogger.debug("[Persistence] Lock acquired for $filename")
+            runCatching {
+                PERSISTENCE_DIR.mkdirs()
+                val finalFile = File(PERSISTENCE_DIR, filename)
+                val tmpFile = File(PERSISTENCE_DIR, "$filename.tmp")
+
+                try {
+                    DataOutputStream(BufferedOutputStream(FileOutputStream(tmpFile))).use { out ->
+                        out.writeInt(FORMAT_VERSION)
+                        out.writeInt(securityLevel)
+                        out.writeInt(keyId.uid)
+                        out.writeUTF(keyId.alias)
+                        out.writeLong(nspace)
+                        out.writeBoolean(isAttestationKey)
+                        out.writeInt(algorithm)
+                        out.writeInt(keySize)
+                        out.writeInt(ecCurve)
+
+                        out.writeInt(purposes.size)
+                        purposes.forEach { out.writeInt(it) }
+
+                        out.writeInt(digests.size)
+                        digests.forEach { out.writeInt(it) }
+
+                        val pkBytes = keyPair.private.encoded
+                        out.writeInt(pkBytes.size)
+                        out.write(pkBytes)
+
+                        out.writeInt(certChain.size)
+                        certChain.forEach { cert ->
+                            val encoded = cert.encoded
+                            out.writeInt(encoded.size)
+                            out.write(encoded)
+                        }
+                    }
+                } catch (e: Exception) {
+                    tmpFile.delete()
+                    throw e
+                }
+
+                // Atomic rename — if this fails the tmp is left behind and cleaned on next deleteAll
+                if (!tmpFile.renameTo(finalFile)) {
+                    tmpFile.delete()
+                    throw IllegalStateException("Failed to atomically rename $tmpFile -> $finalFile")
+                }
+
+                // Verify write succeeded - catches disk-full or filesystem errors
+                if (!finalFile.exists() || finalFile.length() < 20) {
+                    throw IOException("File write verification failed - possible disk full")
+                }
+
+                SystemLogger.debug("Persisted key: $keyId")
+            }.onFailure { e ->
+                SystemLogger.error("Failed to persist key $keyId", e)
+            }
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock()
+            SystemLogger.debug("[Persistence] Lock released for $filename")
+        }
+    }
+
+    fun delete(keyId: KeyIdentifier) {
+        runCatching {
+            val file = File(PERSISTENCE_DIR, keyFileName(keyId.uid, keyId.alias))
+            if (file.exists()) {
+                if (file.delete()) {
+                    SystemLogger.debug("Deleted persisted key: $keyId")
+                } else {
+                    SystemLogger.warning("Failed to delete persisted key file: ${file.name}")
+                }
+            } else {
+                SystemLogger.debug("No persisted file to delete for: $keyId")
+            }
+        }.onFailure { e ->
+            SystemLogger.error("Failed to delete persisted key $keyId", e)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fun deleteAll() {
+        runCatching {
+            if (!PERSISTENCE_DIR.exists()) {
+                SystemLogger.debug("No persistent_keys directory, nothing to delete")
+                return
+            }
+            val files = PERSISTENCE_DIR.listFiles()
+            if (files == null) {
+                SystemLogger.warning("Cannot list persistent_keys directory")
+                return
+            }
+            var count = 0
+            files.forEach { file ->
+                if (file.name.endsWith(".bin") || file.name.endsWith(".tmp")) {
+                    if (file.delete()) count++
+                }
+            }
+            SystemLogger.info("Deleted $count persisted key files")
+        }.onFailure { e ->
+            SystemLogger.error("Failed to delete all persisted keys", e)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fun loadAll(securityLevel: Int): List<PersistedKeyData> {
+        if (!PERSISTENCE_DIR.exists()) {
+            SystemLogger.debug("No persistent_keys directory, nothing to load")
+            return emptyList()
+        }
+        val files = PERSISTENCE_DIR.listFiles { _, name -> name.endsWith(".bin") }
+        if (files == null) {
+            SystemLogger.warning("Cannot read persistent_keys directory")
+            return emptyList()
+        }
+        if (files.isEmpty()) {
+            SystemLogger.debug("No persisted key files found")
+            return emptyList()
+        }
+        SystemLogger.info("Found ${files.size} persisted key files to process")
+
+        val result = mutableListOf<PersistedKeyData>()
+
+        for (file in files) {
+            runCatching {
+                DataInputStream(BufferedInputStream(FileInputStream(file))).use { input ->
+                    val version = input.readInt()
+                    if (version != FORMAT_VERSION) {
+                        SystemLogger.warning(
+                            "Skipping ${file.name}: unknown format version $version"
+                        )
+                        return@runCatching
+                    }
+
+                    val storedSecLevel = input.readInt()
+                    val uid = input.readInt()
+                    val alias = input.readUTF()
+                    val nspace = input.readLong()
+                    val isAttestKey = input.readBoolean()
+                    val algo = input.readInt()
+                    val kSize = input.readInt()
+                    val curve = input.readInt()
+
+                    val purposeCount = requireBounds(input.readInt(), 64, "purposeCount")
+                    val purposes = (0 until purposeCount).map { input.readInt() }
+
+                    val digestCount = requireBounds(input.readInt(), 64, "digestCount")
+                    val digests = (0 until digestCount).map { input.readInt() }
+
+                    val pkLen = requireBounds(input.readInt(), 8192, "pkLen")
+                    val pkBytes = ByteArray(pkLen)
+                    input.readFully(pkBytes)
+
+                    val certCount = requireBounds(input.readInt(), 10, "certCount")
+                    val certChainBytes = (0 until certCount).map {
+                        val certLen = requireBounds(input.readInt(), 65536, "certLen")
+                        val certBytes = ByteArray(certLen)
+                        input.readFully(certBytes)
+                        certBytes
+                    }
+
+                    if (storedSecLevel == securityLevel) {
+                        result.add(
+                            PersistedKeyData(
+                                uid = uid,
+                                alias = alias,
+                                nspace = nspace,
+                                securityLevel = storedSecLevel,
+                                isAttestationKey = isAttestKey,
+                                algorithm = algo,
+                                keySize = kSize,
+                                ecCurve = curve,
+                                purposes = purposes,
+                                digests = digests,
+                                privateKeyBytes = pkBytes,
+                                certChainBytes = certChainBytes,
+                            )
+                        )
+                    }
+                }
+            }.onFailure { e ->
+                SystemLogger.warning("Skipping corrupted persisted key file: ${file.name}", e)
+            }
+        }
+
+        SystemLogger.info("Loaded ${result.size} persisted keys for security level $securityLevel")
+        return result
+    }
+
+    // Re-persist updates the cert chain for an already-persisted key without
+    // reconstructing authorization parameters from the response. This avoids
+    // pulling keymint Tag dependencies into this file and is correct because
+    // the only field that changes post-generation is the patched cert chain.
+    fun rePersistIfNeeded(
+        callingUid: Int,
+        generatedKeyInfo: KeyMintSecurityLevelInterceptor.GeneratedKeyInfo,
+    ) {
+        val metadata = generatedKeyInfo.response.metadata
+        if (metadata == null) {
+            SystemLogger.debug("rePersist: no metadata, skipping")
+            return
+        }
+        val secLevel = metadata.keySecurityLevel
+
+        val entry = KeyMintSecurityLevelInterceptor.generatedKeys.entries.find { (id, info) ->
+            id.uid == callingUid && info.nspace == generatedKeyInfo.nspace
+        }
+        if (entry == null) {
+            SystemLogger.debug("rePersist: key not found in map for uid=$callingUid nspace=${generatedKeyInfo.nspace}")
+            return
+        }
+
+        val keyId = entry.key
+        val filename = keyFileName(keyId.uid, keyId.alias)
+        val existing = File(PERSISTENCE_DIR, filename)
+
+        if (!existing.exists()) {
+            SystemLogger.debug("rePersist: no existing file for $keyId, skipping")
+            return
+        }
+
+        val newChain = CertificateHelper.getCertificateChain(metadata)
+        if (newChain == null) {
+            SystemLogger.warning("rePersist: could not extract cert chain for $keyId")
+            return
+        }
+
+        val persisted = runCatching {
+            DataInputStream(BufferedInputStream(FileInputStream(existing))).use { input ->
+                val version = input.readInt()
+                if (version != FORMAT_VERSION) {
+                    SystemLogger.warning("rePersist: unknown format version $version for $keyId")
+                    return
+                }
+                readPersistedKeyData(input)
+            }
+        }.getOrNull()
+        if (persisted == null) {
+            SystemLogger.warning("rePersist: failed to read existing data for $keyId")
+            return
+        }
+
+        save(
+            keyId = keyId,
+            keyPair = generatedKeyInfo.keyPair,
+            nspace = generatedKeyInfo.nspace,
+            securityLevel = secLevel,
+            certChain = newChain.toList(),
+            algorithm = persisted.algorithm,
+            keySize = persisted.keySize,
+            ecCurve = persisted.ecCurve,
+            purposes = persisted.purposes,
+            digests = persisted.digests,
+            isAttestationKey = persisted.isAttestationKey,
+        )
+        SystemLogger.debug("Re-persisted key $keyId with updated cert chain")
+    }
+
+    // Corrupted binary files can have arbitrary length fields — cap allocations
+    private fun requireBounds(value: Int, max: Int, name: String): Int {
+        require(value in 0..max) { "$name out of bounds: $value (max $max)" }
+        return value
+    }
+
+    private fun keyFileName(uid: Int, alias: String): String {
+        val digest = MessageDigest.getInstance("SHA-256")
+            .digest("$uid:$alias".toByteArray(Charsets.UTF_8))
+        return digest.joinToString("") { "%02x".format(it) } + ".bin"
+    }
+
+    // Reads all fields after version has already been consumed
+    private fun readPersistedKeyData(input: DataInputStream): PersistedKeyData {
+        val secLevel = input.readInt()
+        val uid = input.readInt()
+        val alias = input.readUTF()
+        val nspace = input.readLong()
+        val isAttestKey = input.readBoolean()
+        val algo = input.readInt()
+        val kSize = input.readInt()
+        val curve = input.readInt()
+
+        val purposeCount = requireBounds(input.readInt(), 64, "purposeCount")
+        val purposes = (0 until purposeCount).map { input.readInt() }
+
+        val digestCount = requireBounds(input.readInt(), 64, "digestCount")
+        val digests = (0 until digestCount).map { input.readInt() }
+
+        val pkLen = requireBounds(input.readInt(), 8192, "pkLen")
+        val pkBytes = ByteArray(pkLen)
+        input.readFully(pkBytes)
+
+        val certCount = requireBounds(input.readInt(), 10, "certCount")
+        val certChainBytes = (0 until certCount).map {
+            val certLen = requireBounds(input.readInt(), 65536, "certLen")
+            val certBytes = ByteArray(certLen)
+            input.readFully(certBytes)
+            certBytes
+        }
+
+        return PersistedKeyData(
+            uid = uid,
+            alias = alias,
+            nspace = nspace,
+            securityLevel = secLevel,
+            isAttestationKey = isAttestKey,
+            algorithm = algo,
+            keySize = kSize,
+            ecCurve = curve,
+            purposes = purposes,
+            digests = digests,
+            privateKeyBytes = pkBytes,
+            certChainBytes = certChainBytes,
+        )
+    }
+}

app/src/main/java/org/matrix/TEESimulator/interception/keystore/shim/KeyMintSecurityLevelInterceptor.kt

@@ -1,15 +1,24 @@
 package org.matrix.TEESimulator.interception.keystore.shim
 
+import android.hardware.security.keymint.Algorithm
 import android.hardware.security.keymint.KeyParameter
 import android.hardware.security.keymint.KeyParameterValue
-import android.hardware.security.keymint.KeyPurpose
 import android.hardware.security.keymint.Tag
 import android.os.IBinder
 import android.os.Parcel
 import android.system.keystore2.*
+import android.util.Pair as AndroidPair
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream
+import java.security.KeyFactory
 import java.security.KeyPair
+import java.security.SecureRandom
 import java.security.cert.Certificate
+import java.security.cert.CertificateFactory
+import java.security.spec.PKCS8EncodedKeySpec
 import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger
+import org.matrix.TEESimulator.attestation.AttestationBuilder
+import org.matrix.TEESimulator.attestation.AttestationConstants
 import org.matrix.TEESimulator.attestation.AttestationPatcher
 import org.matrix.TEESimulator.attestation.KeyMintAttestation
 import org.matrix.TEESimulator.config.ConfigurationManager
@@ -17,20 +26,23 @@ import org.matrix.TEESimulator.interception.core.BinderInterceptor
 import org.matrix.TEESimulator.interception.keystore.InterceptorUtils
 import org.matrix.TEESimulator.interception.keystore.KeyIdentifier
 import org.matrix.TEESimulator.logging.SystemLogger
+import org.matrix.TEESimulator.pki.CertGenConfig
 import org.matrix.TEESimulator.pki.CertificateGenerator
 import org.matrix.TEESimulator.pki.CertificateHelper
+import org.matrix.TEESimulator.pki.KeyBoxManager
+import org.matrix.TEESimulator.pki.NativeCertGen
+import org.matrix.TEESimulator.util.AndroidDeviceUtils
 
-/**
- * Intercepts calls to an `IKeystoreSecurityLevel` service (e.g., TEE or StrongBox). This is where
- * the core logic for key generation and import handling for modern Android resides.
- */
 class KeyMintSecurityLevelInterceptor(
     private val original: IKeystoreSecurityLevel,
     private val securityLevel: Int,
 ) : BinderInterceptor() {
 
-    // --- Data Structures for State Management ---
+    data class GeneratedKeyInfo(
-    data class GeneratedKeyInfo(val keyPair: KeyPair, val response: KeyEntryResponse)
+        val keyPair: KeyPair,
+        val nspace: Long,
+        val response: KeyEntryResponse,
+    )
 
     override fun onPreTransact(
         txId: Long,
@@ -41,33 +53,39 @@ class KeyMintSecurityLevelInterceptor(
         callingPid: Int,
         data: Parcel,
     ): TransactionResult {
-        if (code == GENERATE_KEY_TRANSACTION) {
+        val shouldSkip = ConfigurationManager.shouldSkipUid(callingUid)
-            logTransaction(txId, transactionNames[code]!!, callingUid, callingPid)
 
-            if (ConfigurationManager.shouldSkipUid(callingUid))
+        when (code) {
-                return TransactionResult.ContinueAndSkipPost
+            GENERATE_KEY_TRANSACTION -> {
-            data.enforceInterface(IKeystoreSecurityLevel.DESCRIPTOR)
+                logTransaction(txId, transactionNames[code]!!, callingUid, callingPid)
-            return handleGenerateKey(callingUid, data)
-        } else if (code == IMPORT_KEY_TRANSACTION) {
-            logTransaction(txId, transactionNames[code]!!, callingUid, callingPid)
 
-            if (ConfigurationManager.shouldSkipUid(callingUid))
+                if (!shouldSkip) return handleGenerateKey(txId, callingUid, data)
-                return TransactionResult.ContinueAndSkipPost
+            }
-            data.enforceInterface(IKeystoreSecurityLevel.DESCRIPTOR)
+            CREATE_OPERATION_TRANSACTION -> {
-            val alias =
+                logTransaction(txId, transactionNames[code]!!, callingUid, callingPid)
-                data.readTypedObject(KeyDescriptor.CREATOR)?.alias
+
-                    ?: return TransactionResult.ContinueAndSkipPost
+                if (!shouldSkip) return handleCreateOperation(txId, callingUid, data)
-            SystemLogger.info("Handling post-${transactionNames[code]} ${alias}")
+            }
-            return TransactionResult.Continue
+            IMPORT_KEY_TRANSACTION -> {
-        } else {
+                logTransaction(txId, transactionNames[code]!!, callingUid, callingPid)
-            logTransaction(
+
-                txId,
+                data.enforceInterface(IKeystoreSecurityLevel.DESCRIPTOR)
-                transactionNames[code] ?: "unknown code=$code",
+                val keyDescriptor = data.readTypedObject(KeyDescriptor.CREATOR)!!
-                callingUid,
+                SystemLogger.info(
-                callingPid,
+                    "[TX_ID: $txId] Forward to post-importKey hook for ${keyDescriptor.alias}[${keyDescriptor.nspace}]"
-                true,
+                )
-            )
+                return TransactionResult.Continue
+            }
         }
+
+        logTransaction(
+            txId,
+            transactionNames[code] ?: "unknown code=$code",
+            callingUid,
+            callingPid,
+            true,
+        )
+
         return TransactionResult.ContinueAndSkipPost
     }
 
@@ -82,6 +100,11 @@ class KeyMintSecurityLevelInterceptor(
         reply: Parcel?,
         resultCode: Int,
     ): TransactionResult {
+        if (code == GENERATE_KEY_TRANSACTION && hardwareKeygenTxIds.remove(txId)) {
+            val remaining = hardwareKeygenCount(callingUid).decrementAndGet()
+            SystemLogger.info("[TX_ID: $txId] PERMIT_RELEASED uid=$callingUid concurrent_remaining=$remaining result=${if (resultCode == 0) "OK" else "ERROR($resultCode)"}")
+        }
+
         // We only care about successful transactions.
         if (resultCode != 0 || reply == null || InterceptorUtils.hasException(reply))
             return TransactionResult.SkipTransaction
@@ -93,7 +116,49 @@ class KeyMintSecurityLevelInterceptor(
             val keyDescriptor =
                 data.readTypedObject(KeyDescriptor.CREATOR)
                     ?: return TransactionResult.SkipTransaction
-            cleanupKeyData(KeyIdentifier(callingUid, keyDescriptor.alias))
+            // Evict generated key data but retain patched chains so detectors
+            // can't use importKey to force unpatched getKeyEntry responses.
+            val keyId = KeyIdentifier(callingUid, keyDescriptor.alias)
+            if (generatedKeys.remove(keyId) != null) {
+                SystemLogger.debug("Remove generated key on importKey $keyId")
+                GeneratedKeyPersistence.delete(keyId)
+            }
+            attestationKeys.remove(keyId)
+        } else if (code == CREATE_OPERATION_TRANSACTION) {
+            logTransaction(txId, "post-${transactionNames[code]!!}", callingUid, callingPid)
+
+            data.enforceInterface(IKeystoreSecurityLevel.DESCRIPTOR)
+            val keyDescriptor = data.readTypedObject(KeyDescriptor.CREATOR)!!
+            val params = data.createTypedArray(KeyParameter.CREATOR)!!
+            val parsedParams = KeyMintAttestation(params)
+            val forced = data.readBoolean()
+            if (forced)
+                SystemLogger.verbose(
+                    "[TX_ID: $txId] Current operation has a very high pruning power."
+                )
+            val response: CreateOperationResponse =
+                reply.readTypedObject(CreateOperationResponse.CREATOR)!!
+            SystemLogger.verbose(
+                "[TX_ID: $txId] CreateOperationResponse: ${response.iOperation} ${response.operationChallenge}"
+            )
+
+            // Intercept the IKeystoreOperation binder
+            response.iOperation?.let { operation ->
+                val operationBinder = operation.asBinder()
+                if (!interceptedOperations.containsKey(operationBinder)) {
+                    SystemLogger.info("Found new IKeystoreOperation. Registering interceptor...")
+                    val backdoor = getBackdoor(target)
+                    if (backdoor != null) {
+                        val interceptor = OperationInterceptor(operation, backdoor)
+                        register(backdoor, operationBinder, interceptor)
+                        interceptedOperations[operationBinder] = interceptor
+                    } else {
+                        SystemLogger.error(
+                            "Failed to get backdoor to register OperationInterceptor."
+                        )
+                    }
+                }
+            }
         } else if (code == GENERATE_KEY_TRANSACTION) {
             logTransaction(txId, "post-${transactionNames[code]!!}", callingUid, callingPid)
 
@@ -109,38 +174,101 @@ class KeyMintSecurityLevelInterceptor(
                 // Cache the newly patched chain to ensure consistency across subsequent API calls.
                 data.enforceInterface(IKeystoreSecurityLevel.DESCRIPTOR)
                 val keyDescriptor = data.readTypedObject(KeyDescriptor.CREATOR)!!
+                val key = metadata.key!!
                 val keyId = KeyIdentifier(callingUid, keyDescriptor.alias)
-                patchedChains[keyId] = newChain
-                SystemLogger.debug("Cached patched certificate chain for $keyId.")
-
                 CertificateHelper.updateCertificateChain(metadata, newChain).getOrThrow()
 
+                // We must clean up cached generated keys before storing the patched chain
+                cleanupKeyData(keyId)
+                patchedChains[keyId] = newChain
+                SystemLogger.debug(
+                    "Cached patched certificate chain for $keyId. (${key.alias} [${key.domain}, ${key.nspace}])"
+                )
+
                 return InterceptorUtils.createTypedObjectReply(metadata)
             }
         }
         return TransactionResult.SkipTransaction
     }
 
-    /**
+    private fun handleCreateOperation(
-     * Handles the `generateKey` transaction. Based on the configuration for the calling UID, it
+        txId: Long,
-     * either generates a key in software or lets the call pass through to the hardware.
+        callingUid: Int,
-     */
+        data: Parcel,
-    private fun handleGenerateKey(callingUid: Int, data: Parcel): TransactionResult {
+    ): TransactionResult {
+        data.enforceInterface(IKeystoreSecurityLevel.DESCRIPTOR)
+        val keyDescriptor = data.readTypedObject(KeyDescriptor.CREATOR)!!
+
+        // An operation must use the KEY_ID domain.
+        if (keyDescriptor.domain != Domain.KEY_ID) {
+            return TransactionResult.ContinueAndSkipPost
+        }
+
+        val nspace = keyDescriptor.nspace
+        val generatedKeyInfo = findGeneratedKeyByKeyId(callingUid, nspace)
+
+        if (generatedKeyInfo == null) {
+            SystemLogger.debug(
+                "[TX_ID: $txId] Operation for unknown/hardware KeyId ($nspace). Forwarding."
+            )
+            return TransactionResult.Continue
+        }
+
+        SystemLogger.info("[TX_ID: $txId] Creating SOFTWARE operation for KeyId $nspace.")
+
+        val params = data.createTypedArray(KeyParameter.CREATOR)!!
+        val parsedParams = KeyMintAttestation(params)
+
+        val softwareOperation = SoftwareOperation(txId, generatedKeyInfo.keyPair, parsedParams)
+        val operationBinder = SoftwareOperationBinder(softwareOperation)
+
+        val response =
+            CreateOperationResponse().apply {
+                iOperation = operationBinder
+                operationChallenge = null
+            }
+
+        return InterceptorUtils.createTypedObjectReply(response)
+    }
+
+    private fun handleGenerateKey(txId: Long, callingUid: Int, data: Parcel): TransactionResult {
+        if (data.dataSize() > MAX_ALIAS_LENGTH) {
+            SystemLogger.warning("Skipping oversized transaction: ${data.dataSize()} bytes")
+            return TransactionResult.ContinueAndSkipPost
+        }
+
         return runCatching {
+                data.enforceInterface(IKeystoreSecurityLevel.DESCRIPTOR)
                 val keyDescriptor = data.readTypedObject(KeyDescriptor.CREATOR)!!
                 val attestationKey = data.readTypedObject(KeyDescriptor.CREATOR)
+
                 SystemLogger.debug(
                     "Handling generateKey ${keyDescriptor.alias}, attestKey=${attestationKey?.alias}"
                 )
                 val params = data.createTypedArray(KeyParameter.CREATOR)!!
                 val parsedParams = KeyMintAttestation(params)
-                val keyId = KeyIdentifier(callingUid, keyDescriptor.alias)
-                val isAttestKeyRequest =
-                    parsedParams.purpose.size == 1 &&
-                        parsedParams.purpose.contains(KeyPurpose.ATTEST_KEY)
 
-                // Determine if we need to generate a key based on config or
+                val challenge = parsedParams.attestationChallenge
-                // if it's an attestation request in patch mode.
+                if (challenge != null && challenge.size > AttestationConstants.CHALLENGE_LENGTH_LIMIT) {
+                    SystemLogger.warning("[TX_ID: $txId] Rejecting oversized attestation challenge: ${challenge.size} bytes (max ${AttestationConstants.CHALLENGE_LENGTH_LIMIT})")
+                    return InterceptorUtils.createErrorReply(KEYMINT_INVALID_INPUT_LENGTH)
+                }
+
+                if (params.any { it.tag == Tag.CREATION_DATETIME }) {
+                    SystemLogger.warning("[TX_ID: $txId] Rejecting CREATION_DATETIME in generateKey params")
+                    return InterceptorUtils.createErrorReply(RESPONSE_INVALID_ARGUMENT)
+                }
+
+                if (parsedParams.serial != null || parsedParams.imei != null ||
+                    parsedParams.meid != null || parsedParams.secondImei != null ||
+                    params.any { it.tag == Tag.DEVICE_UNIQUE_ATTESTATION }) {
+                    SystemLogger.warning("[TX_ID: $txId] Rejecting device ID attestation for uid=$callingUid")
+                    return InterceptorUtils.createErrorReply(KEYMINT_CANNOT_ATTEST_IDS)
+                }
+
+                val keyId = KeyIdentifier(callingUid, keyDescriptor.alias)
+                val isAttestKeyRequest = parsedParams.isAttestKey()
+
                 val needsSoftwareGeneration =
                     ConfigurationManager.shouldGenerate(callingUid) ||
                         (ConfigurationManager.shouldPatch(callingUid) && isAttestKeyRequest) ||
@@ -148,37 +276,29 @@ class KeyMintSecurityLevelInterceptor(
                             isAttestationKey(KeyIdentifier(callingUid, attestationKey.alias)))
 
                 if (needsSoftwareGeneration) {
-                    SystemLogger.info("Generating software key for ${keyId}.")
+                    return doSoftwareKeyGen(callingUid, keyDescriptor, attestationKey, parsedParams, keyId, isAttestKeyRequest)
-
-                    // Generate the key pair and certificate chain.
-                    val keyData =
-                        CertificateGenerator.generateAttestedKeyPair(
-                            callingUid,
-                            keyDescriptor.alias,
-                            attestationKey?.alias,
-                            parsedParams,
-                            securityLevel,
-                        ) ?: throw Exception("CertificateGenerator failed to create key pair.")
-
-                    // Store the generated key data.
-                    val response =
-                        buildKeyEntryResponse(keyData.second, parsedParams, keyDescriptor)
-
-                    generatedKeys[keyId] = GeneratedKeyInfo(keyData.first, response)
-                    if (isAttestKeyRequest) attestationKeys.add(keyId)
-
-                    // Return the metadata of our generated key, skipping the real hardware call.
-                    val resultParcel =
-                        Parcel.obtain().apply {
-                            writeNoException()
-                            writeTypedObject(response.metadata, 0)
-                        }
-                    return TransactionResult.OverrideReply(0, resultParcel)
                 } else if (parsedParams.attestationChallenge != null) {
+                    val windowUsed = hardwareKeygenWindowCount(callingUid)
+                    val concurrentUsed = hardwareKeygenCount(callingUid).get()
+
+                    // Sliding window rate limit
+                    if (windowUsed >= MAX_HW_KEYGEN_PER_WINDOW) {
+                        SystemLogger.info("[TX_ID: $txId] RATE_LIMITED uid=$callingUid window=$windowUsed/$MAX_HW_KEYGEN_PER_WINDOW concurrent=$concurrentUsed → software fallback")
+                        return doSoftwareKeyGen(callingUid, keyDescriptor, attestationKey, parsedParams, keyId, isAttestKeyRequest)
+                    }
+                    // Concurrent cap
+                    if (hardwareKeygenCount(callingUid).incrementAndGet() > MAX_CONCURRENT_HW_KEYGEN_PER_UID) {
+                        hardwareKeygenCount(callingUid).decrementAndGet()
+                        SystemLogger.info("[TX_ID: $txId] CONCURRENT_LIMITED uid=$callingUid window=$windowUsed/$MAX_HW_KEYGEN_PER_WINDOW concurrent=${concurrentUsed + 1}/$MAX_CONCURRENT_HW_KEYGEN_PER_UID → software fallback")
+                        return doSoftwareKeyGen(callingUid, keyDescriptor, attestationKey, parsedParams, keyId, isAttestKeyRequest)
+                    }
+                    // Both checks passed — commit the window permit and forward to hardware TEE
+                    recordHardwareKeygen(callingUid)
+                    hardwareKeygenTxIds.add(txId)
+                    SystemLogger.info("[TX_ID: $txId] HARDWARE_KEYGEN uid=$callingUid window=${windowUsed + 1}/$MAX_HW_KEYGEN_PER_WINDOW concurrent=${concurrentUsed + 1}/$MAX_CONCURRENT_HW_KEYGEN_PER_UID → forwarding to TEE")
                     return TransactionResult.Continue
                 }
 
-                // If not generating, clear any stale state for this alias and let the call proceed.
                 cleanupKeyData(keyId)
                 TransactionResult.ContinueAndSkipPost
             }
@@ -188,9 +308,118 @@ class KeyMintSecurityLevelInterceptor(
             }
     }
 
-    /**
+    private fun doSoftwareKeyGen(
-     * Constructs a fake `KeyEntryResponse` that mimics a real response from the Keystore service.
+        callingUid: Int,
-     */
+        keyDescriptor: KeyDescriptor,
+        attestationKey: KeyDescriptor?,
+        parsedParams: KeyMintAttestation,
+        keyId: KeyIdentifier,
+        isAttestKeyRequest: Boolean,
+    ): TransactionResult {
+        keyDescriptor.nspace = secureRandom.nextLong()
+        SystemLogger.info("Generating software key for ${keyDescriptor.alias}[${keyDescriptor.nspace}].")
+
+        val keyData = if (NativeCertGen.isAvailable && attestationKey == null) {
+            generateAttestedKeyPairNative(callingUid, parsedParams)
+                ?: CertificateGenerator.generateAttestedKeyPair(
+                    callingUid, keyDescriptor.alias, attestationKey?.alias, parsedParams, securityLevel,
+                )
+        } else {
+            CertificateGenerator.generateAttestedKeyPair(
+                callingUid, keyDescriptor.alias, attestationKey?.alias, parsedParams, securityLevel,
+            )
+        } ?: throw Exception("Both native and BouncyCastle cert gen failed.")
+
+        cleanupKeyData(keyId)
+        val response = buildKeyEntryResponse(keyData.second, parsedParams, keyDescriptor)
+        generatedKeys[keyId] = GeneratedKeyInfo(keyData.first, keyDescriptor.nspace, response)
+        if (isAttestKeyRequest) attestationKeys.add(keyId)
+
+        GeneratedKeyPersistence.save(
+            keyId = keyId,
+            keyPair = keyData.first,
+            nspace = keyDescriptor.nspace,
+            securityLevel = securityLevel,
+            certChain = keyData.second.toList(),
+            algorithm = parsedParams.algorithm,
+            keySize = parsedParams.keySize,
+            ecCurve = parsedParams.ecCurve,
+            purposes = parsedParams.purpose,
+            digests = parsedParams.digest,
+            isAttestationKey = isAttestKeyRequest,
+        )
+
+        return InterceptorUtils.createTypedObjectReply(response.metadata)
+    }
+
+    private fun generateAttestedKeyPairNative(
+        callingUid: Int,
+        params: KeyMintAttestation,
+    ): AndroidPair<KeyPair, List<Certificate>>? {
+        return runCatching {
+            val algorithmName = when (params.algorithm) {
+                Algorithm.EC -> "EC"
+                Algorithm.RSA -> "RSA"
+                else -> return null
+            }
+            val keyboxFile = ConfigurationManager.getKeyboxFileForUid(callingUid)
+            val keybox = KeyBoxManager.getAttestationKey(keyboxFile, algorithmName) ?: return null
+
+            val keyboxPrivateKeyBytes = keybox.keyPair.private.encoded
+            val keyboxCertChainBytes = keybox.certificates
+                .map { it.encoded }
+                .fold(ByteArray(0)) { acc, der -> acc + der }
+
+            val attestVersion = AndroidDeviceUtils.getAttestVersion(securityLevel)
+            val keymasterVersion = AndroidDeviceUtils.getKeymasterVersion(securityLevel)
+            val appId = AttestationBuilder.createApplicationId(callingUid)
+
+            val config = CertGenConfig(
+                algorithm = params.algorithm,
+                keySize = params.keySize,
+                ecCurve = params.ecCurve,
+                rsaPublicExponent = params.rsaPublicExponent?.toLong() ?: 65537L,
+                attestationChallenge = params.attestationChallenge,
+                purposes = params.purpose.toIntArray(),
+                digests = params.digest.toIntArray(),
+                certSerial = params.certificateSerial?.toByteArray(),
+                certSubject = params.certificateSubject?.encoded,
+                certNotBefore = params.certificateNotBefore?.time ?: -1L,
+                certNotAfter = params.certificateNotAfter?.time ?: -1L,
+                keyboxPrivateKey = keyboxPrivateKeyBytes,
+                keyboxCertChain = keyboxCertChainBytes,
+                securityLevel = securityLevel,
+                attestVersion = attestVersion,
+                keymasterVersion = keymasterVersion,
+                osVersion = AndroidDeviceUtils.osVersion,
+                osPatchLevel = AndroidDeviceUtils.getPatchLevel(callingUid),
+                vendorPatchLevel = AndroidDeviceUtils.getVendorPatchLevelLong(callingUid),
+                bootPatchLevel = AndroidDeviceUtils.getBootPatchLevelLong(callingUid),
+                bootKey = AndroidDeviceUtils.bootKey,
+                bootHash = AndroidDeviceUtils.bootHash,
+                creationDatetime = System.currentTimeMillis(),
+                attestationApplicationId = appId.octets,
+                moduleHash = if (attestVersion >= 400) AndroidDeviceUtils.moduleHash else null,
+                idBrand = params.brand,
+                idDevice = params.device,
+                idProduct = params.product,
+                idSerial = params.serial,
+                idImei = params.imei,
+                idMeid = params.meid,
+                idManufacturer = params.manufacturer,
+                idModel = params.model,
+                idSecondImei = if (attestVersion >= 300) params.secondImei else null,
+            )
+
+            val resultBytes = NativeCertGen.generateAttestedKeyPair(config) ?: return null
+            val (keyPair, certs) = NativeCertGen.parseNativeResult(resultBytes)
+            SystemLogger.info("NativeCertGen: generated key pair successfully (${certs.size} certs)")
+            AndroidPair(keyPair, certs)
+        }.onFailure {
+            SystemLogger.error("NativeCertGen: generation failed, falling back to BouncyCastle", it)
+        }.getOrNull()
+    }
+
     private fun buildKeyEntryResponse(
         chain: List<Certificate>,
         params: KeyMintAttestation,
@@ -209,12 +438,134 @@ class KeyMintSecurityLevelInterceptor(
         }
     }
 
+    fun loadPersistedKeys() {
+        val records = GeneratedKeyPersistence.loadAll(securityLevel)
+        if (records.isEmpty()) {
+            SystemLogger.debug("No persisted keys to restore for security level $securityLevel")
+            return
+        }
+
+        SystemLogger.info("Restoring ${records.size} persisted keys for security level $securityLevel")
+
+        for (record in records) {
+            runCatching {
+                val keyId = KeyIdentifier(record.uid, record.alias)
+                if (generatedKeys.containsKey(keyId)) {
+                    SystemLogger.debug("Skipping already-loaded key: $keyId")
+                    return@runCatching
+                }
+
+                val algorithmName = when (record.algorithm) {
+                    Algorithm.EC -> "EC"
+                    Algorithm.RSA -> "RSA"
+                    else -> throw IllegalArgumentException("Unknown algorithm: ${record.algorithm}")
+                }
+
+                val keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(algorithmName)
+                val privateKey = keyFactory.generatePrivate(PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(record.privateKeyBytes))
+
+                val certFactory = CertificateFactory.getInstance("X.509")
+                val certChain = record.certChainBytes.map { bytes ->
+                    certFactory.generateCertificate(ByteArrayInputStream(bytes))
+                }
+                require(certChain.isNotEmpty()) { "Persisted key has empty certificate chain" }
+
+                val publicKey = certChain[0].publicKey
+                val keyPair = KeyPair(publicKey, privateKey)
+
+                val descriptor = KeyDescriptor().apply {
+                    domain = Domain.APP
+                    nspace = record.nspace
+                    alias = record.alias
+                    blob = null
+                }
+
+                val attestation = KeyMintAttestation(
+                    keySize = record.keySize,
+                    algorithm = record.algorithm,
+                    ecCurve = record.ecCurve,
+                    ecCurveName = "",
+                    origin = null,
+                    blockMode = emptyList(),
+                    padding = emptyList(),
+                    purpose = record.purposes,
+                    digest = record.digests,
+                    rsaPublicExponent = null,
+                    certificateSerial = null,
+                    certificateSubject = null,
+                    certificateNotBefore = null,
+                    certificateNotAfter = null,
+                    attestationChallenge = null,
+                    brand = null,
+                    device = null,
+                    product = null,
+                    serial = null,
+                    imei = null,
+                    meid = null,
+                    manufacturer = null,
+                    model = null,
+                    secondImei = null,
+                )
+
+                val response = buildKeyEntryResponse(certChain, attestation, descriptor)
+                generatedKeys[keyId] = GeneratedKeyInfo(keyPair, record.nspace, response)
+                if (record.isAttestationKey) attestationKeys.add(keyId)
+
+                SystemLogger.debug("Restored persisted key: $keyId")
+            }.onFailure {
+                SystemLogger.error("Failed to restore key: uid=${record.uid} alias=${record.alias}", it)
+            }
+        }
+
+        SystemLogger.info("Key restoration complete. Total in memory: ${generatedKeys.size}")
+    }
+
     companion object {
-        // Transaction codes for IKeystoreSecurityLevel interface.
+        private val secureRandom = SecureRandom()
+
+        // Maximum alias length to prevent binder buffer exhaustion (Issue #109)
+        // Binder buffer is ~1MB; 256KB provides 4x safety margin for transaction overhead
+        private const val MAX_ALIAS_LENGTH = 256 * 1024
+        private const val KEYMINT_INVALID_INPUT_LENGTH = -21
+        private const val RESPONSE_INVALID_ARGUMENT = 20
+        private const val KEYMINT_CANNOT_ATTEST_IDS = -66
+        private const val MAX_CONCURRENT_HW_KEYGEN_PER_UID = 2
+        // Sliding window: max hardware keygen permits per UID within the burst window
+        private const val MAX_HW_KEYGEN_PER_WINDOW = 2
+        private const val BURST_WINDOW_MS = 30_000L
+
+        private val uidHardwareKeygenCount = ConcurrentHashMap<Int, AtomicInteger>()
+        private val hardwareKeygenTxIds = ConcurrentHashMap.newKeySet<Long>()
+        private val uidKeygenTimestamps = ConcurrentHashMap<Int, MutableList<Long>>()
+
+        private fun hardwareKeygenCount(uid: Int): AtomicInteger =
+            uidHardwareKeygenCount.computeIfAbsent(uid) { AtomicInteger(0) }
+
+        private fun hardwareKeygenWindowCount(uid: Int): Int {
+            val now = System.currentTimeMillis()
+            val timestamps = uidKeygenTimestamps.computeIfAbsent(uid) { mutableListOf() }
+            synchronized(timestamps) {
+                timestamps.removeAll { now - it > BURST_WINDOW_MS }
+                return timestamps.size
+            }
+        }
+
+        private fun recordHardwareKeygen(uid: Int) {
+            val timestamps = uidKeygenTimestamps.computeIfAbsent(uid) { mutableListOf() }
+            synchronized(timestamps) {
+                timestamps.add(System.currentTimeMillis())
+            }
+        }
+
         private val GENERATE_KEY_TRANSACTION =
             InterceptorUtils.getTransactCode(IKeystoreSecurityLevel.Stub::class.java, "generateKey")
         private val IMPORT_KEY_TRANSACTION =
             InterceptorUtils.getTransactCode(IKeystoreSecurityLevel.Stub::class.java, "importKey")
+        private val CREATE_OPERATION_TRANSACTION =
+            InterceptorUtils.getTransactCode(
+                IKeystoreSecurityLevel.Stub::class.java,
+                "createOperation",
+            )
 
         private val transactionNames: Map<Int, String> by lazy {
             IKeystoreSecurityLevel.Stub::class
@@ -227,17 +578,23 @@ class KeyMintSecurityLevelInterceptor(
                 .associate { field -> (field.get(null) as Int) to field.name.split("_")[1] }
         }
 
-        // Stores keys generated entirely in software.
         val generatedKeys = ConcurrentHashMap<KeyIdentifier, GeneratedKeyInfo>()
-        // Caches patched certificate chains to prevent re-generation and signature inconsistencies.
+        // Caches patched chains to prevent re-generation and signature inconsistencies
         private val patchedChains = ConcurrentHashMap<KeyIdentifier, Array<Certificate>>()
-        // A set to quickly identify keys that were generated for attestation purposes.
+        val attestationKeys: MutableSet<KeyIdentifier> = ConcurrentHashMap.newKeySet()
-        private val attestationKeys = ConcurrentHashMap.newKeySet<KeyIdentifier>()
+        private val interceptedOperations = ConcurrentHashMap<IBinder, OperationInterceptor>()
 
-        // --- Public Accessors for Other Interceptors ---
         fun getGeneratedKeyResponse(keyId: KeyIdentifier): KeyEntryResponse? =
             generatedKeys[keyId]?.response
 
+        fun findGeneratedKeyByKeyId(callingUid: Int, nspace: Long?): GeneratedKeyInfo? {
+            if (nspace == null || nspace == 0L) return null
+            return generatedKeys.entries
+                .filter { (keyIdentifier, _) -> keyIdentifier.uid == callingUid }
+                .find { (_, info) -> info.nspace == nspace }
+                ?.value
+        }
+
         fun getPatchedChain(keyId: KeyIdentifier): Array<Certificate>? = patchedChains[keyId]
 
         fun isAttestationKey(keyId: KeyIdentifier): Boolean = attestationKeys.contains(keyId)
@@ -245,6 +602,7 @@ class KeyMintSecurityLevelInterceptor(
         fun cleanupKeyData(keyId: KeyIdentifier) {
             if (generatedKeys.remove(keyId) != null) {
                 SystemLogger.debug("Remove generated key ${keyId}")
+                GeneratedKeyPersistence.delete(keyId)
             }
             if (patchedChains.remove(keyId) != null) {
                 SystemLogger.debug("Remove patched chain for ${keyId}")
@@ -254,33 +612,37 @@ class KeyMintSecurityLevelInterceptor(
             }
         }
 
-        // Clears all cached keys.
+        fun removeOperationInterceptor(operationBinder: IBinder, backdoor: IBinder) {
+            unregister(backdoor, operationBinder)
+
+            if (interceptedOperations.remove(operationBinder) != null) {
+                SystemLogger.debug("Removed operation interceptor for binder: $operationBinder")
+            }
+        }
+
+        fun invalidatePatchedChains(reason: String? = null) {
+            val count = patchedChains.size
+            if (count == 0) return
+            val reasonMessage = reason?.let { " due to $it" } ?: ""
+            patchedChains.clear()
+            SystemLogger.info("Invalidated $count patched cert chains$reasonMessage.")
+        }
+
         fun clearAllGeneratedKeys(reason: String? = null) {
             val count = generatedKeys.size
             val reasonMessage = reason?.let { " due to $it" } ?: ""
             generatedKeys.clear()
             patchedChains.clear()
             attestationKeys.clear()
+            GeneratedKeyPersistence.deleteAll()
             SystemLogger.info("Cleared all cached keys ($count entries)$reasonMessage.")
         }
     }
 }
 
-/**
- * Extension function to convert parsed `KeyMintAttestation` parameters back into an array of
- * `Authorization` objects for the fake `KeyMetadata`. This version correctly handles the
- * instantiation of Authorization objects.
- */
 private fun KeyMintAttestation.toAuthorizations(securityLevel: Int): Array<Authorization> {
     val authList = mutableListOf<Authorization>()
 
-    /**
-     * Helper function to create a fully-formed Authorization object.
-     *
-     * @param tag The KeyMint tag (e.g., Tag.ALGORITHM).
-     * @param value The value for the tag, wrapped in a KeyParameterValue.
-     * @return A populated Authorization object.
-     */
     fun createAuth(tag: Int, value: KeyParameterValue): Authorization {
         val param =
             KeyParameter().apply {
@@ -293,7 +655,6 @@ private fun KeyMintAttestation.toAuthorizations(securityLevel: Int): Array<Autho
         }
     }
 
-    // Use the helper to add each authorization entry cleanly.
     this.purpose.forEach { authList.add(createAuth(Tag.PURPOSE, KeyParameterValue.keyPurpose(it))) }
     this.digest.forEach { authList.add(createAuth(Tag.DIGEST, KeyParameterValue.digest(it))) }
 

app/src/main/java/org/matrix/TEESimulator/interception/keystore/shim/OperationInterceptor.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+package org.matrix.TEESimulator.interception.keystore.shim
+
+import android.os.IBinder
+import android.os.Parcel
+import android.system.keystore2.IKeystoreOperation
+import org.matrix.TEESimulator.interception.core.BinderInterceptor
+import org.matrix.TEESimulator.interception.keystore.InterceptorUtils
+
+/**
+ * Intercepts calls to an `IKeystoreOperation` service. This is used to log the data manipulation
+ * methods of a cryptographic operation.
+ */
+class OperationInterceptor(
+    private val original: IKeystoreOperation,
+    private val backdoor: IBinder,
+) : BinderInterceptor() {
+
+    override fun onPreTransact(
+        txId: Long,
+        target: IBinder,
+        code: Int,
+        flags: Int,
+        callingUid: Int,
+        callingPid: Int,
+        data: Parcel,
+    ): TransactionResult {
+        val methodName = transactionNames[code] ?: "unknown code=$code"
+        logTransaction(txId, methodName, callingUid, callingPid, true)
+
+        if (code == FINISH_TRANSACTION || code == ABORT_TRANSACTION) {
+            KeyMintSecurityLevelInterceptor.removeOperationInterceptor(target, backdoor)
+        }
+
+        return TransactionResult.ContinueAndSkipPost
+    }
+
+    companion object {
+        private val UPDATE_AAD_TRANSACTION =
+            InterceptorUtils.getTransactCode(IKeystoreOperation.Stub::class.java, "updateAad")
+        private val UPDATE_TRANSACTION =
+            InterceptorUtils.getTransactCode(IKeystoreOperation.Stub::class.java, "update")
+        private val FINISH_TRANSACTION =
+            InterceptorUtils.getTransactCode(IKeystoreOperation.Stub::class.java, "finish")
+        private val ABORT_TRANSACTION =
+            InterceptorUtils.getTransactCode(IKeystoreOperation.Stub::class.java, "abort")
+
+        private val transactionNames: Map<Int, String> by lazy {
+            IKeystoreOperation.Stub::class
+                .java
+                .declaredFields
+                .filter {
+                    it.isAccessible = true
+                    it.type == Int::class.java && it.name.startsWith("TRANSACTION_")
+                }
+                .associate { field -> (field.get(null) as Int) to field.name.split("_")[1] }
+        }
+    }
+}

app/src/main/java/org/matrix/TEESimulator/interception/keystore/shim/SoftwareOperation.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+package org.matrix.TEESimulator.interception.keystore.shim
+
+import android.hardware.security.keymint.Algorithm
+import android.hardware.security.keymint.BlockMode
+import android.hardware.security.keymint.Digest
+import android.hardware.security.keymint.KeyPurpose
+import android.hardware.security.keymint.PaddingMode
+import android.os.RemoteException
+import android.system.keystore2.IKeystoreOperation
+import java.security.KeyPair
+import java.security.Signature
+import java.security.SignatureException
+import javax.crypto.Cipher
+import org.matrix.TEESimulator.attestation.KeyMintAttestation
+import org.matrix.TEESimulator.logging.KeyMintParameterLogger
+import org.matrix.TEESimulator.logging.SystemLogger
+
+// A sealed interface to represent the different cryptographic operations we can perform.
+private sealed interface CryptoPrimitive {
+    fun update(data: ByteArray?): ByteArray?
+
+    fun finish(data: ByteArray?, signature: ByteArray?): ByteArray?
+
+    fun abort()
+}
+
+// Helper object to map KeyMint constants to JCA algorithm strings.
+private object JcaAlgorithmMapper {
+    fun mapSignatureAlgorithm(params: KeyMintAttestation): String {
+        val digest =
+            when (params.digest.firstOrNull()) {
+                Digest.SHA_2_256 -> "SHA256"
+                Digest.SHA_2_384 -> "SHA384"
+                Digest.SHA_2_512 -> "SHA512"
+                else -> "NONE"
+            }
+        val keyAlgo =
+            when (params.algorithm) {
+                Algorithm.EC -> "ECDSA"
+                Algorithm.RSA -> "RSA"
+                else ->
+                    throw IllegalArgumentException(
+                        "Unsupported signature algorithm: ${params.algorithm}"
+                    )
+            }
+        return "${digest}with${keyAlgo}"
+    }
+
+    fun mapCipherAlgorithm(params: KeyMintAttestation): String {
+        val keyAlgo =
+            when (params.algorithm) {
+                Algorithm.RSA -> "RSA"
+                Algorithm.AES -> "AES"
+                else ->
+                    throw IllegalArgumentException(
+                        "Unsupported cipher algorithm: ${params.algorithm}"
+                    )
+            }
+        val blockMode =
+            when (params.blockMode.firstOrNull()) {
+                BlockMode.ECB -> "ECB"
+                BlockMode.CBC -> "CBC"
+                BlockMode.GCM -> "GCM"
+                else -> "ECB" // Default for RSA
+            }
+        val padding =
+            when (params.padding.firstOrNull()) {
+                PaddingMode.NONE -> "NoPadding"
+                PaddingMode.PKCS7 -> "PKCS7Padding"
+                PaddingMode.RSA_PKCS1_1_5_ENCRYPT -> "PKCS1Padding"
+                PaddingMode.RSA_OAEP -> "OAEPPadding"
+                else -> "NoPadding" // Default for GCM
+            }
+        return "$keyAlgo/$blockMode/$padding"
+    }
+}
+
+// Concrete implementation for Signing.
+private class Signer(keyPair: KeyPair, params: KeyMintAttestation) : CryptoPrimitive {
+    private val signature: Signature =
+        Signature.getInstance(JcaAlgorithmMapper.mapSignatureAlgorithm(params)).apply {
+            initSign(keyPair.private)
+        }
+
+    override fun update(data: ByteArray?): ByteArray? {
+        if (data != null) signature.update(data)
+        return null
+    }
+
+    override fun finish(data: ByteArray?, signature: ByteArray?): ByteArray {
+        if (data != null) update(data)
+        return this.signature.sign()
+    }
+
+    override fun abort() {}
+}
+
+// Concrete implementation for Verification.
+private class Verifier(keyPair: KeyPair, params: KeyMintAttestation) : CryptoPrimitive {
+    private val signature: Signature =
+        Signature.getInstance(JcaAlgorithmMapper.mapSignatureAlgorithm(params)).apply {
+            initVerify(keyPair.public)
+        }
+
+    override fun update(data: ByteArray?): ByteArray? {
+        if (data != null) signature.update(data)
+        return null
+    }
+
+    override fun finish(data: ByteArray?, signature: ByteArray?): ByteArray? {
+        if (data != null) update(data)
+        if (signature == null) throw SignatureException("Signature to verify is null")
+        if (!this.signature.verify(signature)) {
+            // Throwing an exception is how Keystore signals verification failure.
+            throw SignatureException("Signature verification failed")
+        }
+        // A successful verification returns no data.
+        return null
+    }
+
+    override fun abort() {}
+}
+
+// Concrete implementation for Encryption/Decryption.
+private class CipherPrimitive(
+    keyPair: KeyPair,
+    params: KeyMintAttestation,
+    private val opMode: Int,
+) : CryptoPrimitive {
+    private val cipher: Cipher =
+        Cipher.getInstance(JcaAlgorithmMapper.mapCipherAlgorithm(params)).apply {
+            val key = if (opMode == Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE) keyPair.public else keyPair.private
+            init(opMode, key)
+        }
+
+    override fun update(data: ByteArray?): ByteArray? =
+        if (data != null) cipher.update(data) else null
+
+    override fun finish(data: ByteArray?, signature: ByteArray?): ByteArray? =
+        if (data != null) cipher.doFinal(data) else cipher.doFinal()
+
+    override fun abort() {}
+}
+
+/**
+ * A software-only implementation of a cryptographic operation. This class acts as a controller,
+ * delegating to a specific cryptographic primitive based on the operation's purpose.
+ */
+class SoftwareOperation(private val txId: Long, keyPair: KeyPair, params: KeyMintAttestation) {
+    // This now holds the specific strategy object (Signer, Verifier, etc.)
+    private val primitive: CryptoPrimitive
+
+    init {
+        // The "Strategy" pattern: choose the implementation based on the purpose.
+        // For simplicity, we only consider the first purpose listed.
+        val purpose = params.purpose.firstOrNull()
+        val purposeName = KeyMintParameterLogger.purposeNames[purpose] ?: "UNKNOWN"
+        SystemLogger.debug("[SoftwareOp TX_ID: $txId] Initializing for purpose: $purposeName.")
+
+        primitive =
+            when (purpose) {
+                KeyPurpose.SIGN -> Signer(keyPair, params)
+                KeyPurpose.VERIFY -> Verifier(keyPair, params)
+                KeyPurpose.ENCRYPT -> CipherPrimitive(keyPair, params, Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE)
+                KeyPurpose.DECRYPT -> CipherPrimitive(keyPair, params, Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE)
+                else ->
+                    throw UnsupportedOperationException("Unsupported operation purpose: $purpose")
+            }
+    }
+
+    fun update(data: ByteArray?): ByteArray? {
+        try {
+            return primitive.update(data)
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            SystemLogger.error("[SoftwareOp TX_ID: $txId] Failed to update operation.", e)
+            throw e
+        }
+    }
+
+    fun finish(data: ByteArray?, signature: ByteArray?): ByteArray? {
+        try {
+            val result = primitive.finish(data, signature)
+            SystemLogger.info("[SoftwareOp TX_ID: $txId] Finished operation successfully.")
+            return result
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            SystemLogger.error("[SoftwareOp TX_ID: $txId] Failed to finish operation.", e)
+            // Re-throw the exception so the binder can report it to the client.
+            throw e
+        }
+    }
+
+    fun abort() {
+        primitive.abort()
+        SystemLogger.debug("[SoftwareOp TX_ID: $txId] Operation aborted.")
+    }
+}
+
+/** The Binder interface for our [SoftwareOperation]. */
+class SoftwareOperationBinder(private val operation: SoftwareOperation) :
+    IKeystoreOperation.Stub() {
+
+    @Throws(RemoteException::class)
+    override fun update(input: ByteArray?): ByteArray? {
+        return operation.update(input)
+    }
+
+    @Throws(RemoteException::class)
+    override fun finish(input: ByteArray?, signature: ByteArray?): ByteArray? {
+        return operation.finish(input, signature)
+    }
+
+    @Throws(RemoteException::class)
+    override fun abort() {
+        operation.abort()
+    }
+}

app/src/main/java/org/matrix/TEESimulator/logging/KeyMintParameterLogger.kt

@@ -1,11 +1,6 @@
 package org.matrix.TEESimulator.logging
 
-import android.hardware.security.keymint.Algorithm
+import android.hardware.security.keymint.*
-import android.hardware.security.keymint.Digest
-import android.hardware.security.keymint.EcCurve
-import android.hardware.security.keymint.KeyParameter
-import android.hardware.security.keymint.KeyPurpose
-import android.hardware.security.keymint.Tag
 import java.math.BigInteger
 import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets
 import java.util.Date
@@ -34,7 +29,23 @@ object KeyMintParameterLogger {
             .associate { field -> (field.get(null) as Int) to field.name }
     }
 
-    private val purposeNames: Map<Int, String> by lazy {
+    val blockModeNames: Map<Int, String> by lazy {
+        BlockMode::class
+            .java
+            .fields
+            .filter { it.type == Int::class.java }
+            .associate { field -> (field.get(null) as Int) to field.name }
+    }
+
+    val paddingNames: Map<Int, String> by lazy {
+        PaddingMode::class
+            .java
+            .fields
+            .filter { it.type == Int::class.java }
+            .associate { field -> (field.get(null) as Int) to field.name }
+    }
+
+    val purposeNames: Map<Int, String> by lazy {
         KeyPurpose::class
             .java
             .fields
@@ -69,7 +80,9 @@ object KeyMintParameterLogger {
         val formattedValue: String =
             when (param.tag) {
                 Tag.ALGORITHM -> algorithmNames[value.algorithm]
+                Tag.BLOCK_MODE -> blockModeNames[value.blockMode]
                 Tag.EC_CURVE -> ecCurveNames[value.ecCurve]
+                Tag.PADDING -> paddingNames[value.paddingMode]
                 Tag.PURPOSE -> purposeNames[value.keyPurpose]
                 Tag.DIGEST -> digestNames[value.digest]
                 Tag.AUTH_TIMEOUT,

app/src/main/java/org/matrix/TEESimulator/pki/CertificateGenerator.kt

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package org.matrix.TEESimulator.pki
 
 import android.hardware.security.keymint.Algorithm
+import android.hardware.security.keymint.KeyPurpose
 import android.os.Build
 import android.util.Pair
 import java.math.BigInteger
@@ -20,6 +21,7 @@ import org.bouncycastle.cert.jcajce.JcaX509v3CertificateBuilder
 import org.bouncycastle.jce.provider.BouncyCastleProvider
 import org.bouncycastle.operator.jcajce.JcaContentSignerBuilder
 import org.matrix.TEESimulator.attestation.AttestationBuilder
+import org.matrix.TEESimulator.attestation.AttestationConstants
 import org.matrix.TEESimulator.attestation.KeyMintAttestation
 import org.matrix.TEESimulator.config.ConfigurationManager
 import org.matrix.TEESimulator.interception.keystore.KeyIdentifier
@@ -80,6 +82,12 @@ object CertificateGenerator {
         params: KeyMintAttestation,
         securityLevel: Int,
     ): List<Certificate>? {
+        val challenge = params.attestationChallenge
+        if (challenge != null && challenge.size > AttestationConstants.CHALLENGE_LENGTH_LIMIT)
+            throw IllegalArgumentException(
+                "Attestation challenge exceeds length limit (${challenge.size} > ${AttestationConstants.CHALLENGE_LENGTH_LIMIT})"
+            )
+
         return runCatching {
                 val keybox = getKeyboxForAlgorithm(uid, params.algorithm)
 
@@ -180,6 +188,22 @@ object CertificateGenerator {
         }
     }
 
+    /** Maps KeyPurpose values to X.509 KeyUsage bits per KeyCreationResult.aidl spec */
+    private fun buildKeyUsageFromPurposes(purposes: List<Int>): Int {
+        var bits = 0
+        for (purpose in purposes) {
+            bits = bits or when (purpose) {
+                KeyPurpose.SIGN -> KeyUsage.digitalSignature
+                KeyPurpose.DECRYPT -> KeyUsage.dataEncipherment
+                KeyPurpose.WRAP_KEY -> KeyUsage.keyEncipherment
+                KeyPurpose.AGREE_KEY -> KeyUsage.keyAgreement
+                KeyPurpose.ATTEST_KEY -> KeyUsage.keyCertSign
+                else -> 0
+            }
+        }
+        return bits
+    }
+
     /** Constructs a new X.509 certificate with a simulated attestation extension. */
     private fun buildCertificate(
         subjectKeyPair: KeyPair,
@@ -189,7 +213,7 @@ object CertificateGenerator {
         uid: Int,
         securityLevel: Int,
     ): Certificate {
-        val subject = params.certificateSubject ?: X500Name("CN=Android KeyStore Key")
+        val subject = params.certificateSubject ?: X500Name("CN=Android Keystore Key")
         val leafNotAfter =
             (signingKeyPair.public as? X509Certificate)?.notAfter
                 ?: Date(System.currentTimeMillis() + 31536000000L)
@@ -204,8 +228,11 @@ object CertificateGenerator {
                 subjectKeyPair.public,
             )
 
-        // Add standard extensions.
+        // Add KeyUsage extension only if purposes map to valid bits
-        builder.addExtension(Extension.keyUsage, true, KeyUsage(KeyUsage.keyCertSign))
+        val keyUsageBits = buildKeyUsageFromPurposes(params.purpose)
+        if (keyUsageBits != 0) {
+            builder.addExtension(Extension.keyUsage, true, KeyUsage(keyUsageBits))
+        }
         // Add our custom, simulated attestation extension.
         builder.addExtension(
             AttestationBuilder.buildAttestationExtension(params, uid, securityLevel)

app/src/main/java/org/matrix/TEESimulator/pki/NativeCertGen.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+package org.matrix.TEESimulator.pki
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer
+import java.nio.ByteOrder
+import java.security.KeyFactory
+import java.security.KeyPair
+import java.security.cert.Certificate
+import java.security.cert.CertificateFactory
+import java.security.spec.PKCS8EncodedKeySpec
+import org.matrix.TEESimulator.logging.SystemLogger
+
+data class CertGenConfig(
+    val algorithm: Int,
+    val keySize: Int,
+    val ecCurve: Int,
+    val rsaPublicExponent: Long,
+    val attestationChallenge: ByteArray?,
+    val purposes: IntArray,
+    val digests: IntArray,
+    val certSerial: ByteArray?,
+    val certSubject: ByteArray?,
+    val certNotBefore: Long,
+    val certNotAfter: Long,
+    val keyboxPrivateKey: ByteArray,
+    val keyboxCertChain: ByteArray,
+    val securityLevel: Int,
+    val attestVersion: Int,
+    val keymasterVersion: Int,
+    val osVersion: Int,
+    val osPatchLevel: Int,
+    val vendorPatchLevel: Int,
+    val bootPatchLevel: Int,
+    val bootKey: ByteArray,
+    val bootHash: ByteArray,
+    val creationDatetime: Long,
+    val attestationApplicationId: ByteArray,
+    val moduleHash: ByteArray?,
+    val idBrand: ByteArray?,
+    val idDevice: ByteArray?,
+    val idProduct: ByteArray?,
+    val idSerial: ByteArray?,
+    val idImei: ByteArray?,
+    val idMeid: ByteArray?,
+    val idManufacturer: ByteArray?,
+    val idModel: ByteArray?,
+    val idSecondImei: ByteArray?,
+)
+
+object NativeCertGen {
+
+    private const val LOG_DIR = "/data/adb/tricky_store/logs"
+
+    @Volatile
+    var isAvailable: Boolean = false
+        private set
+
+    fun initialize(libraryPath: String) {
+        try {
+            System.load(libraryPath)
+            initLogging(false, LOG_DIR)
+            isAvailable = true
+            SystemLogger.info("NativeCertGen: loaded libcertgen.so successfully")
+        } catch (e: UnsatisfiedLinkError) {
+            SystemLogger.error("NativeCertGen: failed to load libcertgen.so, falling back to BouncyCastle", e)
+        }
+    }
+
+    external fun generateAttestedKeyPair(config: CertGenConfig): ByteArray?
+
+    private external fun initLogging(verbose: Boolean, logDir: String): Boolean
+
+    private external fun dumpLogs(): String?
+
+    fun dump(): String? = if (isAvailable) dumpLogs() else null
+
+    fun parseNativeResult(bytes: ByteArray): Pair<KeyPair, List<Certificate>> {
+        val buf = ByteBuffer.wrap(bytes).order(ByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN)
+
+        val pkLen = buf.getInt()
+        if (pkLen < 0 || pkLen > buf.remaining()) {
+            throw IllegalStateException("Invalid private key length: $pkLen")
+        }
+        val pkBytes = ByteArray(pkLen)
+        buf.get(pkBytes)
+
+        val numCerts = buf.getInt()
+        if (numCerts < 0 || numCerts > buf.remaining()) {
+            throw IllegalStateException("Invalid cert count: $numCerts")
+        }
+        val certs = mutableListOf<Certificate>()
+        val certFactory = CertificateFactory.getInstance("X.509")
+        repeat(numCerts) {
+            val certLen = buf.getInt()
+            if (certLen < 0 || certLen > buf.remaining()) {
+                throw IllegalStateException("Invalid cert length: $certLen")
+            }
+            val certBytes = ByteArray(certLen)
+            buf.get(certBytes)
+            certs.add(certFactory.generateCertificate(ByteArrayInputStream(certBytes)))
+        }
+
+        if (certs.isEmpty()) {
+            throw IllegalStateException("No certificates in native result")
+        }
+
+        val algorithmName = when (certs[0].publicKey.algorithm) {
+            "EC" -> "EC"
+            "RSA" -> "RSA"
+            else -> certs[0].publicKey.algorithm
+        }
+        val keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(algorithmName)
+        val privateKey = keyFactory.generatePrivate(PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(pkBytes))
+        val publicKey = certs[0].publicKey
+        return Pair(KeyPair(publicKey, privateKey), certs)
+    }
+}

app/src/main/java/org/matrix/TEESimulator/util/AndroidDeviceUtils.kt

@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 package org.matrix.TEESimulator.util
 
-import android.content.pm.PackageManager
 import android.hardware.security.keymint.SecurityLevel
 import android.os.Build
 import android.os.SystemProperties
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream
+import java.io.File
+import java.io.FileInputStream
 import java.security.MessageDigest
 import java.time.LocalDate
 import java.util.concurrent.ThreadLocalRandom
@@ -11,7 +13,6 @@ import org.bouncycastle.asn1.ASN1EncodableVector
 import org.bouncycastle.asn1.ASN1Integer
 import org.bouncycastle.asn1.DEROctetString
 import org.bouncycastle.asn1.DERSequence
-import org.bouncycastle.asn1.DERSet
 import org.matrix.TEESimulator.attestation.DeviceAttestationService
 import org.matrix.TEESimulator.config.ConfigurationManager
 import org.matrix.TEESimulator.logging.SystemLogger
@@ -90,27 +91,33 @@ object AndroidDeviceUtils {
         attestationValueProvider: () -> ByteArray?,
         expectedSize: Int,
     ): ByteArray {
-        // 1. Attempt to get the value from the system property.
         getProperty(propertyName, expectedSize)?.let {
             SystemLogger.debug("Using $propertyName from system property: ${it.toHex()}")
+            persistToFile(propertyName, it)
             return it
         }
 
-        // 2. Fallback to the value from a cached TEE attestation.
         try {
             attestationValueProvider()?.let {
                 SystemLogger.debug("Using $propertyName from TEE attestation: ${it.toHex()}")
-                setProperty(propertyName, it) // Persist for consistency
+                setProperty(propertyName, it)
+                persistToFile(propertyName, it)
                 return it
             }
         } catch (e: Exception) {
             SystemLogger.error("Failed to get $propertyName from attestation.", e)
         }
 
-        // 3. As a final fallback, generate a random value.
+        readFromFile(propertyName, expectedSize)?.let {
+            SystemLogger.debug("Using $propertyName from persistent file: ${it.toHex()}")
+            setProperty(propertyName, it)
+            return it
+        }
+
         return generateRandomBytes(expectedSize).also {
             SystemLogger.debug("Using randomly generated $propertyName: ${it.toHex()}")
             setProperty(propertyName, it)
+            persistToFile(propertyName, it)
         }
     }
 
@@ -157,10 +164,37 @@ object AndroidDeviceUtils {
         }
     }
 
-    /** Generates a cryptographically random byte array of a specified length. */
     private fun generateRandomBytes(size: Int): ByteArray =
         ByteArray(size).also { ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextBytes(it) }
 
+    private val PERSIST_DIR = File("/data/adb/tricky_store")
+
+    private fun fileForProperty(propertyName: String): File = when (propertyName) {
+        "ro.boot.vbmeta.digest" -> File(PERSIST_DIR, "boot_hash.bin")
+        "ro.boot.vbmeta.public_key_digest" -> File(PERSIST_DIR, "boot_key.bin")
+        else -> File(PERSIST_DIR, "${propertyName.replace('.', '_')}.bin")
+    }
+
+    private fun persistToFile(propertyName: String, bytes: ByteArray) {
+        try {
+            fileForProperty(propertyName).writeBytes(bytes)
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            SystemLogger.error("Failed to persist $propertyName to file.", e)
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun readFromFile(propertyName: String, expectedSize: Int): ByteArray? {
+        return try {
+            val file = fileForProperty(propertyName)
+            if (!file.exists()) return null
+            val bytes = file.readBytes()
+            if (bytes.size == expectedSize) bytes else null
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            SystemLogger.error("Failed to read $propertyName from file.", e)
+            null
+        }
+    }
+
     // --- Patch Level Properties ---
 
     fun getPatchLevel(uid: Int): Int {
@@ -239,11 +273,12 @@ object AndroidDeviceUtils {
         val resolvedValue = resolveDateKeywords(value)
 
         return when {
-            // "device_default" indicates falling back to the system property.
             resolvedValue.equals("device_default", ignoreCase = true) -> null
-            // "no" indicates this value should not be reported.
+            // Resolve from live system prop — matches what detectors see via getprop,
+            // even when PIF has spoofed ro.build.version.security_patch via resetprop
+            resolvedValue.equals("prop", ignoreCase = true) ->
+                parsePatchLevelValue(SystemProperties.get("ro.build.version.security_patch", ""), isLong)
             resolvedValue.equals("no", ignoreCase = true) -> DO_NOT_REPORT
-            // Otherwise, parse the resolved date string.
             else -> parsePatchLevelValue(resolvedValue, isLong)
         }
     }
@@ -370,52 +405,174 @@ object AndroidDeviceUtils {
 
     // --- APEX and Module Hash Properties ---
 
-    private val apexInfos: List<Pair<String, Long>> by lazy {
+    // Minimal protobuf parser for apex_manifest.pb (field 1: name, field 2: version)
-        runCatching {
+    private class MinimalApexManifestParser(private val data: ByteArray) {
-                val pm = ConfigurationManager.getPackageManager()
+        var pos = 0
-                val packages =
+
-                    if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU) {
+        fun parse(): Pair<String, Long>? {
-                        pm?.getInstalledPackages(PackageManager.MATCH_APEX.toLong(), 0)
+            var name: String? = null
-                    } else {
+            var version: Long? = null
-                        @Suppress("DEPRECATION")
+
-                        pm?.getInstalledPackages(PackageManager.MATCH_APEX, 0)
+            while (pos < data.size) {
+                val tag = readVarint()
+                val fieldNum = tag ushr 3
+                val wireType = (tag and 0x07).toInt()
+
+                when (fieldNum) {
+                    1L -> {
+                        val length = readVarint().toInt()
+                        if (pos + length > data.size) return null
+                        name = String(data, pos, length, Charsets.UTF_8)
+                        pos += length
                     }
-                packages?.list.orEmpty().map { it.packageName to it.longVersionCode }
+                    2L -> {
+                        version = readVarint()
+                    }
+                    else -> skipField(wireType)
+                }
             }
-            .getOrElse {
+
-                SystemLogger.error("Failed to get APEX package information.", it)
+            return if (name != null && version != null) {
-                emptyList()
+                name to version
+            } else {
+                null
             }
+        }
+
+        private fun readVarint(): Long {
+            var value = 0L
+            var shift = 0
+            while (pos < data.size) {
+                val b = data[pos++].toInt()
+                value = value or ((b and 0x7F).toLong() shl shift)
+                if ((b and 0x80) == 0) return value
+                shift += 7
+            }
+            return value
+        }
+
+        private fun skipField(wireType: Int) {
+            when (wireType) {
+                0 -> readVarint()
+                1 -> pos += 8
+                2 -> {
+                    val len = readVarint().toInt()
+                    pos += len
+                }
+                5 -> pos += 4
+                else -> throw IllegalStateException("Unknown wire type $wireType")
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private val apexInfos: List<Pair<String, Long>> by lazy {
+        val results = mutableListOf<Pair<String, Long>>()
+        val apexRoot = File("/apex")
+
+        if (!apexRoot.exists() || !apexRoot.isDirectory) {
+            return@lazy emptyList()
+        }
+
+        apexRoot.listFiles()?.forEach { file ->
+            if (!file.isDirectory) return@forEach
+            val name = file.name
+
+            if (name.startsWith(".")) return@forEach
+            if (name.contains("@")) return@forEach
+            if (name == "sharedlibs") return@forEach
+
+            val manifestFile = File(file, "apex_manifest.pb")
+            if (manifestFile.exists()) {
+                runCatching {
+                    val bytes = FileInputStream(manifestFile).use { it.readBytes() }
+                    val parser = MinimalApexManifestParser(bytes)
+                    parser.parse()?.let { (pkgName, version) -> results.add(pkgName to version) }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        results.distinctBy { it.first }
     }
 
     val moduleHash: ByteArray by lazy {
         DeviceAttestationService.CachedAttestationData?.moduleHash
             ?: runCatching {
-                    // TODO: figure out the correct calculation
+                    data class ModuleEntry(
-                    val moduleSequences = ASN1EncodableVector()
+                        val nameEncoded: ByteArray,
+                        val fullEncoded: ByteArray,
+                    )
 
-                    // 1. Create a DERSequence for each module.
+                    val modules =
-                    apexInfos.forEach { (packageName, versionCode) ->
+                        apexInfos.map { (packageName, versionCode) ->
-                        val moduleVector = ASN1EncodableVector()
+                            val nameOctet = DEROctetString(packageName.toByteArray(Charsets.UTF_8))
-                        // Use explicit UTF-8 encoding for the package name.
+                            val versionInt = ASN1Integer(versionCode)
-                        moduleVector.add(DEROctetString(packageName.toByteArray(Charsets.UTF_8)))
-                        moduleVector.add(ASN1Integer(versionCode))
-                        moduleSequences.add(DERSequence(moduleVector))
-                    }
 
-                    // 2. Create a DERSet. Bouncy Castle will automatically handle
+                            val vec = ASN1EncodableVector()
-                    //    the sorting based on the DER-encoded value of each sequence.
+                            vec.add(nameOctet)
-                    val modulesSet = DERSet(moduleSequences)
+                            vec.add(versionInt)
+                            val sequence = DERSequence(vec)
 
-                    // 3. Get the final DER-encoded byte array of the SET.
+                            // AOSP sorts by encoded name only, not full sequence
-                    val encodedModules = modulesSet.encoded
+                            ModuleEntry(
+                                nameEncoded = nameOctet.encoded,
+                                fullEncoded = sequence.encoded,
+                            )
+                        }
 
-                    // 4. Compute the SHA-256 hash.
+                    val sortedModules =
-                    MessageDigest.getInstance("SHA-256").digest(encodedModules)
+                        modules.sortedWith { m1, m2 ->
+                            compareByteArrays(m1.nameEncoded, m2.nameEncoded)
+                        }
+
+                    val payloadStream = ByteArrayOutputStream()
+                    sortedModules.forEach { payloadStream.write(it.fullEncoded) }
+                    val payload = payloadStream.toByteArray()
+
+                    // Wrap in DER SET tag manually — DERSet() re-sorts by full encoding
+                    val finalDerSet = encodeAsDerSet(payload)
+
+                    MessageDigest.getInstance("SHA-256").digest(finalDerSet)
                 }
                 .getOrElse {
                     SystemLogger.error("Failed to compute module hash.", it)
-                    ByteArray(32) // Return empty hash on failure
+                    ByteArray(32)
                 }
     }
+
+    private fun compareByteArrays(a: ByteArray, b: ByteArray): Int {
+        val length = minOf(a.size, b.size)
+        for (i in 0 until length) {
+            val byteA = a[i].toInt() and 0xFF
+            val byteB = b[i].toInt() and 0xFF
+            if (byteA != byteB) {
+                return byteA - byteB
+            }
+        }
+        return a.size - b.size
+    }
+
+    private fun encodeAsDerSet(payload: ByteArray): ByteArray {
+        val out = ByteArrayOutputStream()
+        out.write(0x31)
+        writeDerLength(out, payload.size)
+        out.write(payload)
+        return out.toByteArray()
+    }
+
+    private fun writeDerLength(out: ByteArrayOutputStream, length: Int) {
+        if (length < 128) {
+            out.write(length)
+        } else {
+            var size = length
+            val bytes = ArrayList<Byte>()
+            while (size > 0) {
+                bytes.add((size and 0xFF).toByte())
+                size = size ushr 8
+            }
+            out.write(0x80 or bytes.size)
+            for (i in bytes.indices.reversed()) {
+                out.write(bytes[i].toInt())
+            }
+        }
+    }
 }

app/src/main/java/org/matrix/TEESimulator/util/Extensions.kt

@@ -6,7 +6,11 @@ package org.matrix.TEESimulator.util
  *
  * @return A new string with each line individually trimmed.
  */
-fun String.trimLines(): String = this.trim().lines().joinToString("\n") { it.trim() }
+fun String.trimLines(): String =
+    this.trim()
+        .lines()
+        .filter { !it.trim().startsWith("<!--") }
+        .joinToString("\n") { it.trim() }
 
 /**
  * Converts a ByteArray to its hexadecimal string representation.

gradle/libs.versions.toml

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 [versions]
-agp = "8.13.1"
+agp = "8.13.2"
 annotation = "1.9.1"
 jdk18on = "1.83"
-kotlin = "2.2.21"
+kotlin = "2.3.0"
 ktfmt = "0.25.0"
 
 [libraries]

module/action.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#!/system/bin/sh
+MODDIR=${0%/*}
+CONFIG_DIR=/data/adb/tricky_store
+
+if [ -d "$CONFIG_DIR/persistent_keys" ]; then
+    rm -rf "$CONFIG_DIR/persistent_keys"
+    mkdir -p "$CONFIG_DIR/persistent_keys"
+    echo "Persistent key storage cleared"
+else
+    echo "No persistent key storage found"
+fi

module/changelog.md

@@ -1,21 +1,75 @@
-TEESimulator 3.0 is a significant update focused on powerful new configuration options, major improvements to stealth, and enhanced stability.
+## TEESimulator v4.2: Detection Evasion Hardening
 
-#### ✨ **Highlights & New Features**
+Fixes 6 detection vectors flagged by attestation validator apps.
 
-*   **🎯 Per-App Security Patch Configuration**: Gain ultimate control by setting security patch levels on a per-package basis. Define a global default in `security_patch.txt` and override it for specific apps like `[com.google.android.gms]`. Moreover, your configuration is now alive! Use the `today` keyword to always report the current date, or create rolling dates with templates like `YYYY-MM-05`. Be sure to check README for more details.
+### Attestation Policy Enforcement
-*   **🕰️ Full Software Emulation on Android 11**: We've implemented a complete, software-based key generation and attestation flow for the legacy `IKeystoreService` API, bringing full emulation capabilities to older devices.
 
-#### 🛡️ **Stealth & Evasion Upgrades**
+Replicate AOSP keystore2's `add_required_parameters()` validation that our software keygen path was bypassing:
 
-*   **⛓️ Consistent Certificate Signatures**: Say goodbye to a major detection vector in `icu.nullptr.nativetest`. Patched certificates are now cached, ensuring that every request for a key returns a byte-for-byte identical certificate, just like a real TEE.
+- **CREATION_DATETIME** — Reject caller-provided input with `INVALID_ARGUMENT (20)`, matching `security_level.rs:424`. Our cert gen still adds its own timestamp, same as real keystore2.
-*   **🔑 Authentic Device Properties**: To appear more genuine, the simulator now sources and uses your device's real `verifiedBootHash` and `moduleHash`, moving away from placeholder values.
+- **Device ID attestation** — Reject ATTESTATION_ID_SERIAL, IMEI, MEID, SECOND_IMEI, and DEVICE_UNIQUE_ATTESTATION with `CANNOT_ATTEST_IDS (-66)`. No consumer app has READ_PRIVILEGED_PHONE_STATE.
-*   **📜 Structurally Sound Certificates**: The patching logic has been rewritten to be less intrusive. It now modifies the attestation extension in-place, preserving the original order of other extensions and preventing duplicates to avoid suspicion.
+- **Error reply format** — Fixed AIDL ServiceSpecificException parcel write order (was errorCode→message, now message→errorCode).
 
-#### 🐛 **Bug Fixes & Reliability**
+### Certificate Fix
 
-*   ✅ **Robust Crypto Engine**: Fixed critical crashes related to cryptographic provider conflicts. The signing logic is now more explicit and the KeyBox parser is more resilient against malformed files.
+Leaf certificate Subject CN corrected from "Android KeyStore Key" to "Android Keystore Key" (lowercase s), matching AOSP `KeyGenParameterSpec.java:282`. Both Kotlin and Rust paths.
-*   ➡️ **Improved Compatibility**: Resolved a native crash on Android 11 devices.
 
-#### 🚀 **The Road Ahead**
+### Binder Timing
 
-Our work to fix detection vectors and provide full support for TEE-broken devices and Android 10/11 is ongoing. We welcome your feedback! Please **report any issues** or **contribute a pull request** on our GitHub.
+Skip interception for system transaction codes (PING, INTERFACE, DUMP) above LAST_CALL_TRANSACTION. Eliminates the JNI round-trip that inflated binder ping ratio to 3.85x (detector threshold: 3.0x).
+
+---
+
+## TEESimulator v4.1: Boot Identity Persistence
+
+Bugfix release. The vbmeta boot key digest was randomizing on every reboot, producing a different RootOfTrust in attestation certificates each boot.
+
+On devices where the kernel doesn't set `ro.boot.vbmeta.public_key_digest`, the fallback chain hit random generation every boot because `resetprop` overrides for `ro.boot.*` props don't survive reboots. Added file-based persistence (`boot_hash.bin`, `boot_key.bin`) between the TEE cache and random fallback. Once determined, boot identity values persist across reboots.
+
+Verified on Redmi 14C: second boot reads from persistent file instead of regenerating.
+
+---
+
+## TEESimulator v4.0: Native Rust Cert Generation
+
+Major release. Certificate chain generation rebuilt from the ground up in Rust, replacing the BouncyCastle Java path for EC and RSA keys. Hardened against every known detector app.
+
+### Native Cert Generation
+
+The headline feature. `libcertgen.so` generates X.509 certificate chains using `ring` (EC-P256/P384) and `rsa` (RSA-2048/4096) with manual DER assembly. No more BouncyCastle quirks — issuer/subject DN bytes are injected directly from the keybox, ensuring byte-perfect chain linkage. BouncyCastle remains as fallback for unsupported curves (P-224, P-521, Curve25519).
+
+### Anti-Detection Hardening
+
+- **Challenge validation** — Oversized attestation challenges (>128 bytes) now return `INVALID_INPUT_LENGTH (-21)`, matching real KeyMint behavior. Previously accepted silently — DuckDetector exploited this.
+- **Per-UID rate limiter** — 2 hardware keygens per 30s burst, 2 concurrent max. Overflow falls back to software certs. Blocks DuckDetector-style keygen flooding that starves GMS.
+- **importKey eviction guard** — Retained patch chains prevent generate-then-import attacks that evict cached attestation data.
+- **256KB native payload cap** — Oversized binder payloads bypass interception cleanly instead of stalling threads.
+- **Alias size rejection** — Oversized key aliases rejected before they hit the binder buffer.
+
+### Key Persistence
+
+Generated keys now survive reboots. File-backed storage with file-level locking, preserved across keybox rotations. Banking and biometric apps that cache attestation keys no longer break after restart.
+
+### Attestation Fixes
+
+- Null out all-zero `verifiedBootHash` from TEE cache (fingerprinting vector)
+- Correct `module_hash` field to match AOSP Keystore2 format
+- Override pre-existing attest keys instead of skipping them
+- Strip HTML comments from PEM blocks in keybox parsing
+- Security patch consistency — `system=prop` forces boot/vendor to match
+
+### Module Lifecycle
+
+- Supervisor daemon keeps the interceptor alive
+- KSU Action button clears persistent key cache
+- Clean uninstall removes all traces (persistent keys, TEE status, daemon)
+
+### Stability
+
+- FileObserver NPE on config deletion fixed
+- Global uncaught exception handler — daemon stays alive on unexpected errors
+- PEM parsing hardened against malformed keybox files
+
+### Tested Against
+
+DuckDetector, Luna, Play Integrity, Key Attestation Demo — all passing on Redmi 14C (Android 14, Beanpod KeyMaster, KSU).

module/customize.sh

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ install_file() {
 
 # --- Installation ---
 ui_print "- Extracting module files"
-for file in customize.sh module.prop service.sh sepolicy.rule daemon; do
+for file in customize.sh module.prop service.sh sepolicy.rule daemon action.sh uninstall.sh; do
   install_file "$file" "$MODPATH"
 done
 
@@ -67,10 +67,14 @@ ui_print ""
 ui_print "- Extracting $ARCH libraries"
 install_file "lib/$ABI_DIR/libTEESimulator.so" "$MODPATH"
 install_file "lib/$ABI_DIR/libinject.so" "$MODPATH"
+install_file "lib/$ABI_DIR/libsupervisor.so" "$MODPATH"
+install_file "lib/$ABI_DIR/libcertgen.so" "$MODPATH"
 ui_print ""
 
 mv "$MODPATH/libinject.so" "$MODPATH/inject"
+mv "$MODPATH/libsupervisor.so" "$MODPATH/supervisor"
 chmod 755 "$MODPATH/inject"
+chmod 755 "$MODPATH/supervisor"
 
 # --- Configuration Files ---
 if [ ! -d "$CONFIG_DIR" ]; then

module/module.prop

@@ -2,6 +2,6 @@ id=tricky_store
 name=TEESimulator
 version=${REPLACEMEVER}
 versionCode=${REPLACEMEVERCODE}
-author=JingMatrix
+author=JingMatrix, Enginex0
 description=Software simulation for Android hardware-backed key pairs with key attestation
-updateJson=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/JingMatrix/TEESimulator/main/module/update.json
+updateJson=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Enginex0/TEESimulator/main/module/update.json

module/sepolicy.rule

@@ -1,4 +1,2 @@
-allow keystore system_file unix_dgram_socket *
+allow keystore {adb_data_file shell_data_file} file *
-allow system_file keystore unix_dgram_socket *
-allow keystore system_file file *
 allow crash_dump keystore process *

module/service.sh

@@ -1,11 +1,5 @@
-DEBUG=false
-
 MODDIR=${0%/*}
-
 cd $MODDIR
 
-while true; do
+# Fork-based supervisor for instant restart
-  ./daemon "$MODDIR" || exit 1
+./supervisor ./daemon "$MODDIR" &
-  # ensure keystore initialized
-  sleep 2
-done &

module/uninstall.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#!/system/bin/sh
+MODDIR=${0%/*}
+CONFIG_DIR=/data/adb/tricky_store
+
+# Kill daemon and supervisor
+for pid in $(pidof TEESimulator) $(pidof supervisor) $(pidof daemon); do
+    kill -9 "$pid" 2>/dev/null
+done
+
+rm -rf "$CONFIG_DIR/persistent_keys"
+rm -f "$CONFIG_DIR/tee_status.txt"
+rm -f "$CONFIG_DIR/boot_hash.bin" "$CONFIG_DIR/boot_key.bin"

module/update.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
-	"version": "v3.0",
+	"version": "v4.2",
-	"versionCode": 38,
+	"versionCode": 98,
-	"zipUrl": "https://github.com/JingMatrix/TEESimulator/releases/download/v3.0/TEESimulator-v3.0-38-Release.zip",
+	"zipUrl": "https://github.com/Enginex0/TEESimulator/releases/download/v4.2/TEESimulator-v4.2-Release.zip",
-	"changelog": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/JingMatrix/TEESimulator/main/module/changelog.md"
+	"changelog": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Enginex0/TEESimulator/main/module/changelog.md"
 }

native-certgen/.cargo/config.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+[target.aarch64-linux-android]
+linker = "aarch64-linux-android29-clang"
+
+[target.armv7-linux-androideabi]
+linker = "armv7a-linux-androideabi29-clang"
+
+[target.i686-linux-android]
+linker = "i686-linux-android29-clang"
+
+[target.x86_64-linux-android]
+linker = "x86_64-linux-android29-clang"

native-certgen/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+[package]
+name = "certgen"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+publish = false
+
+[lib]
+crate-type = ["cdylib"]
+
+[dependencies]
+jni = { version = "0.21.1", default-features = false }
+ring = "0.17.14"
+rsa = { version = "0.9", features = ["sha2"] }
+pkcs8 = { version = "0.10", features = ["alloc"] }
+rand = "0.8"
+der = { version = "0.7.10", features = ["alloc", "oid"] }
+const-oid = "0.9.6"
+x509-cert = { version = "0.2.5", features = ["pem"] }
+time = { version = "0.3", features = ["std"] }
+anyhow = "1.0"
+tracing = "0.1"
+tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3", features = ["env-filter"] }
+libc = "0.2"
+zip = { version = "2.2", default-features = false, features = ["deflate"] }
+serde_json = "1.0"
+
+[profile.release]
+opt-level = "z"
+lto = true
+codegen-units = 1
+strip = "symbols"
+panic = "abort"

native-certgen/rust-toolchain.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[toolchain]
+channel = "stable"
+targets = [
+  "aarch64-linux-android",
+  "armv7-linux-androideabi",
+  "i686-linux-android",
+  "x86_64-linux-android",
+]

native-certgen/src/attestation.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,644 @@
+use crate::error::Result;
+use crate::types::CertGenParams;
+
+const DO_NOT_REPORT: i32 = -1;
+
+pub fn build_attestation_extension(params: &CertGenParams) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let sw = build_software_enforced(params)?;
+    let tee = build_tee_enforced(params)?;
+
+    let mut inner = Vec::new();
+    // attestationVersion — INTEGER
+    inner.extend_from_slice(&enc_integer(params.attest_version as i64));
+    // attestationSecurityLevel — ENUMERATED, not INTEGER
+    inner.extend_from_slice(&enc_enumerated(params.security_level));
+    // keymintVersion — INTEGER
+    inner.extend_from_slice(&enc_integer(params.keymaster_version as i64));
+    // keymintSecurityLevel — ENUMERATED, not INTEGER
+    inner.extend_from_slice(&enc_enumerated(params.security_level));
+    // attestationChallenge — OCTET STRING
+    inner.extend_from_slice(&enc_octet_string(
+        params.attestation_challenge.as_deref().unwrap_or(&[]),
+    ));
+    // uniqueId — OCTET STRING (always empty)
+    inner.extend_from_slice(&enc_octet_string(&[]));
+    // softwareEnforced
+    inner.extend_from_slice(&sw);
+    // teeEnforced
+    inner.extend_from_slice(&tee);
+
+    Ok(enc_sequence(&inner))
+}
+
+fn build_software_enforced(params: &CertGenParams) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let mut fields: Vec<(u32, Vec<u8>)> = Vec::new();
+
+    // Tag 701: CREATION_DATETIME — INTEGER (milliseconds)
+    fields.push((701, enc_integer(params.creation_datetime)));
+
+    // Tag 709: ATTESTATION_APPLICATION_ID — OCTET STRING
+    // The bytes are already the DER-encoded AttestationApplicationId wrapped in OCTET STRING
+    // by the Kotlin layer. We wrap them in an EXPLICIT tag.
+    if !params.attestation_application_id.is_empty() {
+        fields.push((709, enc_octet_string(&params.attestation_application_id)));
+    }
+
+    // Tag 724: MODULE_HASH — OCTET STRING (only if attestVersion >= 400)
+    if params.attest_version >= 400 {
+        if let Some(ref hash) = params.module_hash {
+            fields.push((724, enc_octet_string(hash)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(build_authorization_list(&mut fields))
+}
+
+fn build_tee_enforced(params: &CertGenParams) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let mut fields: Vec<(u32, Vec<u8>)> = Vec::new();
+
+    // Tag 1: PURPOSE — SET OF INTEGER
+    if !params.purposes.is_empty() {
+        fields.push((1, build_set_of_integer(&params.purposes)));
+    }
+
+    // Tag 2: ALGORITHM — INTEGER
+    fields.push((2, enc_integer(params.algorithm as i32 as i64)));
+
+    // Tag 3: KEY_SIZE — INTEGER
+    fields.push((3, enc_integer(params.key_size as i64)));
+
+    // Tag 5: DIGEST — SET OF INTEGER
+    if !params.digests.is_empty() {
+        fields.push((5, build_set_of_integer(&params.digests)));
+    }
+
+    // Tag 10: EC_CURVE — INTEGER (only for EC keys)
+    if let Some(curve) = params.ec_curve {
+        fields.push((10, enc_integer(curve as i32 as i64)));
+    }
+
+    // Tag 503: NO_AUTH_REQUIRED — NULL (presence = true)
+    fields.push((503, enc_null()));
+
+    // Tag 702: ORIGIN — INTEGER 0 (GENERATED)
+    fields.push((702, enc_integer(0)));
+
+    // Tag 704: ROOT_OF_TRUST — SEQUENCE
+    fields.push((704, build_root_of_trust(params)));
+
+    // Tag 705: OS_VERSION — INTEGER
+    if params.os_version != DO_NOT_REPORT {
+        fields.push((705, enc_integer(params.os_version as i64)));
+    }
+
+    // Tag 706: OS_PATCHLEVEL — INTEGER
+    if params.os_patch_level != DO_NOT_REPORT {
+        fields.push((706, enc_integer(params.os_patch_level as i64)));
+    }
+
+    // Tags 710-717: ATTESTATION_ID_* — OCTET STRING (optional)
+    if let Some(ref v) = params.id_brand {
+        fields.push((710, enc_octet_string(v)));
+    }
+    if let Some(ref v) = params.id_device {
+        fields.push((711, enc_octet_string(v)));
+    }
+    if let Some(ref v) = params.id_product {
+        fields.push((712, enc_octet_string(v)));
+    }
+    if let Some(ref v) = params.id_serial {
+        fields.push((713, enc_octet_string(v)));
+    }
+    if let Some(ref v) = params.id_imei {
+        fields.push((714, enc_octet_string(v)));
+    }
+    if let Some(ref v) = params.id_meid {
+        fields.push((715, enc_octet_string(v)));
+    }
+    if let Some(ref v) = params.id_manufacturer {
+        fields.push((716, enc_octet_string(v)));
+    }
+    if let Some(ref v) = params.id_model {
+        fields.push((717, enc_octet_string(v)));
+    }
+
+    // Tag 718: VENDOR_PATCHLEVEL — INTEGER
+    if params.vendor_patch_level != DO_NOT_REPORT {
+        fields.push((718, enc_integer(params.vendor_patch_level as i64)));
+    }
+
+    // Tag 719: BOOT_PATCHLEVEL — INTEGER
+    if params.boot_patch_level != DO_NOT_REPORT {
+        fields.push((719, enc_integer(params.boot_patch_level as i64)));
+    }
+
+    // Tag 723: ATTESTATION_ID_SECOND_IMEI — OCTET STRING (only if attestVersion >= 300)
+    if params.attest_version >= 300 {
+        if let Some(ref v) = params.id_second_imei {
+            fields.push((723, enc_octet_string(v)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(build_authorization_list(&mut fields))
+}
+
+fn build_root_of_trust(params: &CertGenParams) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut inner = Vec::new();
+    // verifiedBootKey — OCTET STRING (32 bytes)
+    inner.extend_from_slice(&enc_octet_string(&params.boot_key));
+    // deviceLocked — BOOLEAN TRUE (0xFF, not 0x01)
+    inner.extend_from_slice(&enc_boolean(true));
+    // verifiedBootState — ENUMERATED 0 (Verified), not INTEGER
+    inner.extend_from_slice(&enc_enumerated(0));
+    // verifiedBootHash — OCTET STRING (32 bytes)
+    inner.extend_from_slice(&enc_octet_string(&params.boot_hash));
+    enc_sequence(&inner)
+}
+
+fn build_authorization_list(fields: &mut Vec<(u32, Vec<u8>)>) -> Vec<u8> {
+    fields.sort_by_key(|(tag, _)| *tag);
+    let mut inner = Vec::new();
+    for (tag, value) in fields.iter() {
+        inner.extend_from_slice(&enc_explicit_tag(*tag, value));
+    }
+    enc_sequence(&inner)
+}
+
+fn build_set_of_integer(values: &[i32]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    // DER SET OF: elements sorted by encoded byte value
+    let mut encoded: Vec<Vec<u8>> = values.iter().map(|v| enc_integer(*v as i64)).collect();
+    encoded.sort();
+    let mut inner = Vec::new();
+    for e in &encoded {
+        inner.extend_from_slice(e);
+    }
+    enc_set(&inner)
+}
+
+// --- DER primitives ---
+
+fn enc_length(len: usize) -> Vec<u8> {
+    if len < 0x80 {
+        vec![len as u8]
+    } else if len <= 0xFF {
+        vec![0x81, len as u8]
+    } else if len <= 0xFFFF {
+        vec![0x82, (len >> 8) as u8, len as u8]
+    } else if len <= 0xFF_FFFF {
+        vec![0x83, (len >> 16) as u8, (len >> 8) as u8, len as u8]
+    } else {
+        vec![
+            0x84,
+            (len >> 24) as u8,
+            (len >> 16) as u8,
+            (len >> 8) as u8,
+            len as u8,
+        ]
+    }
+}
+
+fn enc_integer(value: i64) -> Vec<u8> {
+    // DER INTEGER: tag 0x02, minimal two's complement big-endian
+    let bytes = integer_bytes(value);
+    let mut out = vec![0x02];
+    out.extend_from_slice(&enc_length(bytes.len()));
+    out.extend_from_slice(&bytes);
+    out
+}
+
+fn integer_bytes(value: i64) -> Vec<u8> {
+    if value == 0 {
+        return vec![0x00];
+    }
+    let raw = value.to_be_bytes();
+    // Find first significant byte
+    let mut start = 0;
+    if value > 0 {
+        while start < 7 && raw[start] == 0x00 {
+            start += 1;
+        }
+        // If high bit set, need leading 0x00 to keep positive
+        if raw[start] & 0x80 != 0 {
+            let mut out = vec![0x00];
+            out.extend_from_slice(&raw[start..]);
+            return out;
+        }
+    } else {
+        while start < 7 && raw[start] == 0xFF {
+            start += 1;
+        }
+        // If high bit clear, need leading 0xFF to keep negative
+        if raw[start] & 0x80 == 0 {
+            let mut out = vec![0xFF];
+            out.extend_from_slice(&raw[start..]);
+            return out;
+        }
+    }
+    raw[start..].to_vec()
+}
+
+fn enc_enumerated(value: i32) -> Vec<u8> {
+    // DER ENUMERATED: tag 0x0A, same value encoding as INTEGER
+    let bytes = integer_bytes(value as i64);
+    let mut out = vec![0x0A];
+    out.extend_from_slice(&enc_length(bytes.len()));
+    out.extend_from_slice(&bytes);
+    out
+}
+
+fn enc_octet_string(data: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut out = vec![0x04];
+    out.extend_from_slice(&enc_length(data.len()));
+    out.extend_from_slice(data);
+    out
+}
+
+fn enc_null() -> Vec<u8> {
+    vec![0x05, 0x00]
+}
+
+fn enc_boolean(value: bool) -> Vec<u8> {
+    // DER BOOLEAN: TRUE = 0xFF, FALSE = 0x00
+    vec![0x01, 0x01, if value { 0xFF } else { 0x00 }]
+}
+
+fn enc_sequence(contents: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut out = vec![0x30];
+    out.extend_from_slice(&enc_length(contents.len()));
+    out.extend_from_slice(contents);
+    out
+}
+
+fn enc_set(contents: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut out = vec![0x31];
+    out.extend_from_slice(&enc_length(contents.len()));
+    out.extend_from_slice(contents);
+    out
+}
+
+fn enc_explicit_tag(tag_number: u32, inner: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    // EXPLICIT context-specific constructed tag
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    if tag_number < 31 {
+        // Short form: single byte 0xA0 | tag_number
+        out.push(0xA0 | tag_number as u8);
+    } else {
+        // Long form: 0xBF followed by base-128 encoding of tag number
+        out.push(0xBF);
+        enc_base128_tag(&mut out, tag_number);
+    }
+    out.extend_from_slice(&enc_length(inner.len()));
+    out.extend_from_slice(inner);
+    out
+}
+
+fn enc_base128_tag(out: &mut Vec<u8>, tag: u32) {
+    // Base-128 with continuation bits: MSB first, bit 7 set on all but last byte
+    let mut digits = Vec::new();
+    let mut val = tag;
+    digits.push((val & 0x7F) as u8);
+    val >>= 7;
+    while val > 0 {
+        digits.push((val & 0x7F) as u8 | 0x80);
+        val >>= 7;
+    }
+    // Written MSB first
+    for b in digits.iter().rev() {
+        out.push(*b);
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::types::{Algorithm, EcCurve};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_enc_integer_zero() {
+        assert_eq!(enc_integer(0), vec![0x02, 0x01, 0x00]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_enc_integer_small_positive() {
+        assert_eq!(enc_integer(3), vec![0x02, 0x01, 0x03]);
+        assert_eq!(enc_integer(127), vec![0x02, 0x01, 0x7F]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_enc_integer_needs_leading_zero() {
+        // 128 = 0x80, high bit set so needs 0x00 prefix
+        assert_eq!(enc_integer(128), vec![0x02, 0x02, 0x00, 0x80]);
+        assert_eq!(enc_integer(256), vec![0x02, 0x02, 0x01, 0x00]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_enc_integer_multi_byte() {
+        // 140000 = 0x02_22_E0
+        assert_eq!(enc_integer(140000), vec![0x02, 0x03, 0x02, 0x22, 0xE0]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_enc_integer_large() {
+        // 20250301 = 0x01_34_FE_BD
+        assert_eq!(
+            enc_integer(20250301),
+            vec![0x02, 0x04, 0x01, 0x34, 0xFE, 0xBD]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_enc_enumerated() {
+        // SecurityLevel TEE = 1
+        assert_eq!(enc_enumerated(1), vec![0x0A, 0x01, 0x01]);
+        // VerifiedBootState Verified = 0
+        assert_eq!(enc_enumerated(0), vec![0x0A, 0x01, 0x00]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_enc_boolean_true() {
+        // DER: TRUE = 0xFF
+        assert_eq!(enc_boolean(true), vec![0x01, 0x01, 0xFF]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_enc_null() {
+        assert_eq!(enc_null(), vec![0x05, 0x00]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_enc_octet_string_empty() {
+        assert_eq!(enc_octet_string(&[]), vec![0x04, 0x00]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_enc_explicit_tag_short() {
+        // Tag 1 wrapping INTEGER 2: A1 03 02 01 02
+        let inner = enc_integer(2);
+        let tagged = enc_explicit_tag(1, &inner);
+        assert_eq!(tagged, vec![0xA1, 0x03, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_enc_explicit_tag_10() {
+        // Tag 10: 0xAA
+        let inner = enc_integer(1);
+        let tagged = enc_explicit_tag(10, &inner);
+        assert_eq!(tagged[0], 0xAA);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_enc_explicit_tag_503() {
+        // Tag 503: 0xBF 0x83 0x77
+        // 503 = 3*128 + 119 => 0x83 0x77
+        let inner = enc_null();
+        let tagged = enc_explicit_tag(503, &inner);
+        assert_eq!(&tagged[..3], &[0xBF, 0x83, 0x77]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_enc_explicit_tag_704() {
+        // Tag 704: 0xBF 0x85 0x40
+        // 704 = 5*128 + 64 => 0x85 0x40
+        let inner = enc_sequence(&[]);
+        let tagged = enc_explicit_tag(704, &inner);
+        assert_eq!(&tagged[..3], &[0xBF, 0x85, 0x40]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_enc_explicit_tag_718() {
+        // Tag 718: 0xBF 0x85 0x4E
+        let inner = enc_integer(20250301);
+        let tagged = enc_explicit_tag(718, &inner);
+        assert_eq!(&tagged[..3], &[0xBF, 0x85, 0x4E]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_enc_explicit_tag_719() {
+        // Tag 719: 0xBF 0x85 0x4F
+        let inner = enc_integer(20250301);
+        let tagged = enc_explicit_tag(719, &inner);
+        assert_eq!(&tagged[..3], &[0xBF, 0x85, 0x4F]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_enc_explicit_tag_701() {
+        // Tag 701: 0xBF 0x85 0x3D
+        let inner = enc_integer(1000);
+        let tagged = enc_explicit_tag(701, &inner);
+        assert_eq!(&tagged[..3], &[0xBF, 0x85, 0x3D]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_enc_explicit_tag_709() {
+        // Tag 709: 0xBF 0x85 0x45
+        let inner = enc_octet_string(&[0x01]);
+        let tagged = enc_explicit_tag(709, &inner);
+        assert_eq!(&tagged[..3], &[0xBF, 0x85, 0x45]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_set_of_integer_sorted() {
+        // SET OF INTEGER must sort by encoded bytes
+        let result = build_set_of_integer(&[3, 2]);
+        // Expect sorted: INTEGER 2 before INTEGER 3
+        let expected = enc_set(&[0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x02, 0x01, 0x03]);
+        assert_eq!(result, expected);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_root_of_trust_structure() {
+        let params = make_test_params();
+        let rot = build_root_of_trust(&params);
+        // Should be a SEQUENCE (0x30)
+        assert_eq!(rot[0], 0x30);
+        // Find BOOLEAN TRUE inside
+        let rot_inner = &rot[2..]; // skip tag+length
+        // First: OCTET STRING (32 bytes boot key)
+        assert_eq!(rot_inner[0], 0x04);
+        assert_eq!(rot_inner[1], 0x20); // 32 bytes
+        // After boot key (34 bytes): BOOLEAN TRUE
+        assert_eq!(rot_inner[34], 0x01); // BOOLEAN tag
+        assert_eq!(rot_inner[35], 0x01); // length 1
+        assert_eq!(rot_inner[36], 0xFF); // TRUE = 0xFF
+        // Then ENUMERATED 0 (verifiedBootState)
+        assert_eq!(rot_inner[37], 0x0A); // ENUMERATED tag, not 0x02
+        assert_eq!(rot_inner[38], 0x01);
+        assert_eq!(rot_inner[39], 0x00);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_do_not_report_omits_fields() {
+        let mut params = make_test_params();
+        params.os_patch_level = DO_NOT_REPORT;
+        params.vendor_patch_level = DO_NOT_REPORT;
+        params.boot_patch_level = DO_NOT_REPORT;
+        let tee = build_tee_enforced(&params).unwrap();
+        let hex = hex_string(&tee);
+        // Tags 706, 718, 719 should not appear
+        // Tag 706 = BF 85 42, 718 = BF 85 4E, 719 = BF 85 4F
+        assert!(!hex.contains("bf8542"), "os_patch_level should be omitted");
+        assert!(
+            !hex.contains("bf854e"),
+            "vendor_patch_level should be omitted"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            !hex.contains("bf854f"),
+            "boot_patch_level should be omitted"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_key_description_security_level_is_enumerated() {
+        let params = make_test_params();
+        let ext = build_attestation_extension(&params).unwrap();
+        // KeyDescription is a SEQUENCE: 0x30 ...
+        assert_eq!(ext[0], 0x30);
+        // Skip SEQUENCE tag + length to get to inner fields
+        let inner = skip_tlv_header(&ext);
+        // Field 0: attestationVersion — INTEGER (0x02)
+        assert_eq!(inner[0], 0x02);
+        let (_, rest) = skip_one_tlv(inner);
+        // Field 1: attestationSecurityLevel — ENUMERATED (0x0A)
+        assert_eq!(rest[0], 0x0A, "attestationSecurityLevel must be ENUMERATED");
+        let (_, rest) = skip_one_tlv(rest);
+        // Field 2: keymintVersion — INTEGER (0x02)
+        assert_eq!(rest[0], 0x02);
+        let (_, rest) = skip_one_tlv(rest);
+        // Field 3: keymintSecurityLevel — ENUMERATED (0x0A)
+        assert_eq!(rest[0], 0x0A, "keymintSecurityLevel must be ENUMERATED");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_authorization_list_sorted_by_tag() {
+        let params = make_test_params();
+        let tee = build_tee_enforced(&params).unwrap();
+        let inner = skip_tlv_header(&tee);
+        let tags = extract_tag_numbers(inner);
+        let mut sorted = tags.clone();
+        sorted.sort();
+        assert_eq!(tags, sorted, "AuthorizationList fields must be sorted by tag number");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_full_extension_roundtrip() {
+        let params = make_test_params();
+        let ext = build_attestation_extension(&params).unwrap();
+        // Must be valid DER: starts with SEQUENCE tag
+        assert_eq!(ext[0], 0x30);
+        // Length must account for all inner bytes
+        let (header_len, total_content_len) = parse_tlv_lengths(&ext);
+        assert_eq!(ext.len(), header_len + total_content_len);
+    }
+
+    // --- test helpers ---
+
+    fn make_test_params() -> CertGenParams {
+        CertGenParams {
+            algorithm: Algorithm::Ec,
+            key_size: 256,
+            ec_curve: Some(EcCurve::P256),
+            rsa_public_exponent: 0,
+            attestation_challenge: Some(vec![0xAB; 32]),
+            purposes: vec![2, 3],
+            digests: vec![4],
+            cert_serial: None,
+            cert_subject: None,
+            cert_not_before: -1,
+            cert_not_after: -1,
+            keybox_private_key: vec![],
+            keybox_cert_chain: vec![],
+            security_level: 1,
+            attest_version: 200,
+            keymaster_version: 200,
+            os_version: 140000,
+            os_patch_level: 202503,
+            vendor_patch_level: 20250301,
+            boot_patch_level: 20250301,
+            boot_key: vec![0x01; 32],
+            boot_hash: vec![0x02; 32],
+            creation_datetime: 1709913600000,
+            attestation_application_id: vec![0xDE, 0xAD],
+            module_hash: None,
+            id_brand: None,
+            id_device: None,
+            id_product: None,
+            id_serial: None,
+            id_imei: None,
+            id_meid: None,
+            id_manufacturer: None,
+            id_model: None,
+            id_second_imei: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn hex_string(data: &[u8]) -> String {
+        data.iter().map(|b| format!("{:02x}", b)).collect()
+    }
+
+    fn skip_tlv_header(data: &[u8]) -> &[u8] {
+        let (header_len, _) = parse_tlv_lengths(data);
+        &data[header_len..]
+    }
+
+    fn skip_one_tlv(data: &[u8]) -> (usize, &[u8]) {
+        let (header_len, content_len) = parse_tlv_lengths(data);
+        let total = header_len + content_len;
+        (total, &data[total..])
+    }
+
+    fn parse_tlv_lengths(data: &[u8]) -> (usize, usize) {
+        // Returns (header_bytes, content_bytes)
+        let tag_len = tag_byte_len(data);
+        let len_start = tag_len;
+        if data[len_start] < 0x80 {
+            (len_start + 1, data[len_start] as usize)
+        } else {
+            let num_len_bytes = (data[len_start] & 0x7F) as usize;
+            let mut content_len = 0usize;
+            for i in 0..num_len_bytes {
+                content_len = (content_len << 8) | data[len_start + 1 + i] as usize;
+            }
+            (len_start + 1 + num_len_bytes, content_len)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn tag_byte_len(data: &[u8]) -> usize {
+        if data[0] & 0x1F != 0x1F {
+            1
+        } else {
+            let mut i = 1;
+            while data[i] & 0x80 != 0 {
+                i += 1;
+            }
+            i + 1
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn extract_tag_numbers(mut data: &[u8]) -> Vec<u32> {
+        let mut tags = Vec::new();
+        while !data.is_empty() {
+            let tag = read_tag_number(data);
+            tags.push(tag);
+            let (_, rest) = skip_one_tlv(data);
+            data = rest;
+        }
+        tags
+    }
+
+    fn read_tag_number(data: &[u8]) -> u32 {
+        if data[0] & 0x1F != 0x1F {
+            (data[0] & 0x1F) as u32
+        } else {
+            let mut val = 0u32;
+            let mut i = 1;
+            loop {
+                val = (val << 7) | (data[i] & 0x7F) as u32;
+                if data[i] & 0x80 == 0 {
+                    break;
+                }
+                i += 1;
+            }
+            val
+        }
+    }
+}

native-certgen/src/certbuilder.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,523 @@
+use crate::error::{CertGenError, Result};
+use crate::keybox::ParsedKeybox;
+use crate::types::{Algorithm, CertGenParams, GeneratedKeyPair};
+
+use time::OffsetDateTime;
+
+const ATTESTATION_OID: &[u64] = &[1, 3, 6, 1, 4, 1, 11129, 2, 1, 17];
+
+// Signature algorithm OIDs
+const OID_SHA256_WITH_ECDSA: &[u64] = &[1, 2, 840, 10045, 4, 3, 2];
+const OID_SHA384_WITH_ECDSA: &[u64] = &[1, 2, 840, 10045, 4, 3, 3];
+const OID_SHA256_WITH_RSA: &[u64] = &[1, 2, 840, 113549, 1, 1, 11];
+
+// Extension OIDs
+const OID_KEY_USAGE: &[u64] = &[2, 5, 29, 15];
+
+pub fn build_certificate_chain(
+    key_pair: &GeneratedKeyPair,
+    attestation_ext_der: &[u8],
+    keybox: &ParsedKeybox,
+    params: &CertGenParams,
+) -> Result<Vec<Vec<u8>>> {
+    let leaf_der = build_leaf_cert(key_pair, attestation_ext_der, keybox, params)?;
+
+    let mut chain = Vec::with_capacity(1 + keybox.cert_chain_ders.len());
+    chain.push(leaf_der);
+    for cert_der in &keybox.cert_chain_ders {
+        chain.push(cert_der.clone());
+    }
+
+    Ok(chain)
+}
+
+fn build_leaf_cert(
+    key_pair: &GeneratedKeyPair,
+    attestation_ext_der: &[u8],
+    keybox: &ParsedKeybox,
+    params: &CertGenParams,
+) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let spki_der = extract_spki_from_pkcs8(&key_pair.private_key_pkcs8)?;
+    let sig_alg_der = signature_algorithm_for_signing_key(&keybox.signing_key_der, params.algorithm)?;
+
+    // Serial number
+    let serial_bytes = if let Some(ref serial) = params.cert_serial {
+        serial.clone()
+    } else {
+        vec![1u8]
+    };
+
+    // Subject DN
+    let subject_dn_der = if let Some(ref subject) = params.cert_subject {
+        subject.clone()
+    } else {
+        encode_simple_cn_dn("Android Keystore Key")
+    };
+
+    // Validity
+    let not_before = timestamp_to_datetime(params.cert_not_before)?;
+    let not_after = if params.cert_not_after == -1 {
+        OffsetDateTime::from_unix_timestamp(keybox.leaf_not_after)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|_| OffsetDateTime::now_utc() + time::Duration::days(365))
+    } else {
+        timestamp_to_datetime(params.cert_not_after)?
+    };
+
+    // Extensions
+    let extensions_der = build_extensions(attestation_ext_der, &params.purposes)?;
+
+    // TBS Certificate
+    let version_der = encode_der_explicit_tag(0, &encode_der_integer(&[2]));
+    let serial_der = encode_der_integer(&serial_bytes);
+    let validity_der = encode_validity(&not_before, &not_after);
+    let extensions_tagged = encode_der_explicit_tag(3, &extensions_der);
+
+    let tbs_der = encode_der_sequence(&[
+        &version_der,
+        &serial_der,
+        &sig_alg_der,
+        &keybox.issuer_dn_der, // RAW bytes — no re-encoding
+        &validity_der,
+        &subject_dn_der,
+        &spki_der,
+        &extensions_tagged,
+    ]);
+
+    // Sign the TBS
+    let signature_bytes = sign_tbs(&tbs_der, &keybox.signing_key_der, params.algorithm)?;
+    let signature_bit_string = encode_der_bit_string(&signature_bytes);
+
+    // Final certificate: SEQUENCE { TBS, sigAlgorithm, signature }
+    let cert_der = encode_der_sequence(&[
+        &tbs_der,
+        &sig_alg_der,
+        &signature_bit_string,
+    ]);
+
+    Ok(cert_der)
+}
+
+fn sign_tbs(tbs_der: &[u8], signing_key_der: &[u8], algorithm: Algorithm) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    match algorithm {
+        Algorithm::Ec => sign_tbs_ec(tbs_der, signing_key_der),
+        Algorithm::Rsa => sign_tbs_rsa(tbs_der, signing_key_der),
+    }
+}
+
+fn sign_tbs_ec(tbs_der: &[u8], signing_key_der: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    // Determine EC curve from the signing key's PKCS8 AlgorithmIdentifier
+    let alg = detect_ec_signing_algorithm(signing_key_der)?;
+
+    let key_pair = ring::signature::EcdsaKeyPair::from_pkcs8(alg, signing_key_der, &ring::rand::SystemRandom::new())
+        .map_err(|e| CertGenError::SigningFailed(format!("EC key parse: {e}")))?;
+
+    let rng = ring::rand::SystemRandom::new();
+    let sig = key_pair.sign(&rng, tbs_der)
+        .map_err(|e| CertGenError::SigningFailed(format!("EC sign: {e}")))?;
+
+    Ok(sig.as_ref().to_vec())
+}
+
+fn detect_ec_signing_algorithm(pkcs8_der: &[u8]) -> Result<&'static ring::signature::EcdsaSigningAlgorithm> {
+    use der::Decode;
+    let info = pkcs8::PrivateKeyInfo::from_der(pkcs8_der)
+        .map_err(|e| CertGenError::SigningFailed(format!("PKCS8 parse: {e}")))?;
+
+    let params_oid = info.algorithm.parameters_oid()
+        .map_err(|e| CertGenError::SigningFailed(format!("EC curve OID: {e}")))?;
+
+    let p256_oid: const_oid::ObjectIdentifier = "1.2.840.10045.3.1.7".parse()
+        .map_err(|_| CertGenError::SigningFailed("OID parse".into()))?;
+    let p384_oid: const_oid::ObjectIdentifier = "1.3.132.0.34".parse()
+        .map_err(|_| CertGenError::SigningFailed("OID parse".into()))?;
+
+    if params_oid == p256_oid {
+        Ok(&ring::signature::ECDSA_P256_SHA256_ASN1_SIGNING)
+    } else if params_oid == p384_oid {
+        Ok(&ring::signature::ECDSA_P384_SHA384_ASN1_SIGNING)
+    } else {
+        Err(CertGenError::SigningFailed(format!("unsupported EC curve OID: {params_oid}")))
+    }
+}
+
+fn sign_tbs_rsa(tbs_der: &[u8], signing_key_der: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    use rsa::pkcs8::DecodePrivateKey;
+    use rsa::signature::{SignatureEncoding, SignerMut};
+    use rsa::pkcs1v15::SigningKey;
+    use rsa::sha2::Sha256;
+
+    let private_key = rsa::RsaPrivateKey::from_pkcs8_der(signing_key_der)
+        .map_err(|e| CertGenError::SigningFailed(format!("RSA key parse: {e}")))?;
+
+    let mut signing_key = SigningKey::<Sha256>::new(private_key);
+    let signature = signing_key.sign(tbs_der);
+
+    Ok(signature.to_vec())
+}
+
+fn signature_algorithm_for_signing_key(signing_key_der: &[u8], algorithm: Algorithm) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    match algorithm {
+        Algorithm::Ec => {
+            let ring_alg = detect_ec_signing_algorithm(signing_key_der)?;
+            // Determine OID from the algorithm used
+            let oid = if std::ptr::eq(ring_alg, &ring::signature::ECDSA_P384_SHA384_ASN1_SIGNING) {
+                OID_SHA384_WITH_ECDSA
+            } else {
+                OID_SHA256_WITH_ECDSA
+            };
+            let oid_der = encode_der_oid(oid);
+            Ok(encode_der_sequence(&[&oid_der]))
+        }
+        Algorithm::Rsa => {
+            let oid_der = encode_der_oid(OID_SHA256_WITH_RSA);
+            let null_der = vec![0x05, 0x00];
+            Ok(encode_der_sequence(&[&oid_der, &null_der]))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn extract_spki_from_pkcs8(pkcs8_der: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    use der::Decode;
+
+    let info = pkcs8::PrivateKeyInfo::from_der(pkcs8_der)
+        .map_err(|e| CertGenError::CertBuildFailed(format!("PKCS8 parse for SPKI: {e}")))?;
+
+    // Reconstruct SPKI from AlgorithmIdentifier + public key
+    // For EC: derive public key from private key via ring
+    // For RSA: derive from rsa crate
+    let alg_id_oid = info.algorithm.oid;
+    let ec_oid: const_oid::ObjectIdentifier = "1.2.840.10045.2.1".parse()
+        .map_err(|_| CertGenError::CertBuildFailed("OID parse".into()))?;
+
+    if alg_id_oid == ec_oid {
+        extract_ec_spki(pkcs8_der, &info)
+    } else {
+        extract_rsa_spki(pkcs8_der)
+    }
+}
+
+fn extract_ec_spki(pkcs8_der: &[u8], info: &pkcs8::PrivateKeyInfo) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    use ring::signature::KeyPair as _;
+    let params_oid = info.algorithm.parameters_oid()
+        .map_err(|e| CertGenError::CertBuildFailed(format!("EC curve OID: {e}")))?;
+
+    let p256_oid: const_oid::ObjectIdentifier = "1.2.840.10045.3.1.7".parse()
+        .map_err(|_| CertGenError::CertBuildFailed("OID parse".into()))?;
+    let p384_oid: const_oid::ObjectIdentifier = "1.3.132.0.34".parse()
+        .map_err(|_| CertGenError::CertBuildFailed("OID parse".into()))?;
+
+    let (ring_alg, curve_oid_der): (&ring::signature::EcdsaSigningAlgorithm, Vec<u8>) = if params_oid == p256_oid {
+        (&ring::signature::ECDSA_P256_SHA256_ASN1_SIGNING, encode_der_oid(&[1, 2, 840, 10045, 3, 1, 7]))
+    } else if params_oid == p384_oid {
+        (&ring::signature::ECDSA_P384_SHA384_ASN1_SIGNING, encode_der_oid(&[1, 3, 132, 0, 34]))
+    } else {
+        return Err(CertGenError::CertBuildFailed(format!("unsupported EC curve: {params_oid}")));
+    };
+
+    let kp = ring::signature::EcdsaKeyPair::from_pkcs8(
+        ring_alg,
+        pkcs8_der,
+        &ring::rand::SystemRandom::new(),
+    ).map_err(|e| CertGenError::CertBuildFailed(format!("EC key parse: {e}")))?;
+    let ec_kp = kp.public_key().as_ref().to_vec();
+
+    // SPKI = SEQUENCE { AlgorithmIdentifier, BIT STRING (public key) }
+    // AlgorithmIdentifier = SEQUENCE { ecPublicKey OID, curve OID }
+    let ec_oid_der = encode_der_oid(&[1, 2, 840, 10045, 2, 1]);
+    let alg_id = encode_der_sequence(&[&ec_oid_der, &curve_oid_der]);
+    let pub_key_bits = encode_der_bit_string(&ec_kp);
+
+    Ok(encode_der_sequence(&[&alg_id, &pub_key_bits]))
+}
+
+fn extract_rsa_spki(pkcs8_der: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    use rsa::pkcs8::DecodePrivateKey;
+
+    let private_key = rsa::RsaPrivateKey::from_pkcs8_der(pkcs8_der)
+        .map_err(|e| CertGenError::CertBuildFailed(format!("RSA key parse: {e}")))?;
+
+    let public_key = rsa::RsaPublicKey::from(&private_key);
+
+    // Encode RSA public key as DER: SEQUENCE { n INTEGER, e INTEGER }
+    use rsa::traits::PublicKeyParts;
+    let n_bytes = public_key.n().to_bytes_be();
+    let e_bytes = public_key.e().to_bytes_be();
+    let rsa_pub_der = encode_der_sequence(&[
+        &encode_der_integer(&n_bytes),
+        &encode_der_integer(&e_bytes),
+    ]);
+
+    // SPKI = SEQUENCE { AlgorithmIdentifier, BIT STRING (DER-encoded RSAPublicKey) }
+    let rsa_oid_der = encode_der_oid(&[1, 2, 840, 113549, 1, 1, 1]);
+    let null_der = vec![0x05, 0x00];
+    let alg_id = encode_der_sequence(&[&rsa_oid_der, &null_der]);
+    let pub_key_bits = encode_der_bit_string(&rsa_pub_der);
+
+    Ok(encode_der_sequence(&[&alg_id, &pub_key_bits]))
+}
+
+fn build_extensions(attestation_ext_der: &[u8], purposes: &[i32]) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let mut extensions: Vec<Vec<u8>> = Vec::new();
+
+    // KeyUsage extension (critical)
+    let ku_byte = map_key_usage_byte(purposes);
+    if ku_byte != 0 {
+        let ku_ext = build_key_usage_extension(ku_byte);
+        extensions.push(ku_ext);
+    }
+
+    // Attestation extension (non-critical)
+    let attest_ext = build_extension(&encode_der_oid(ATTESTATION_OID), false, attestation_ext_der);
+    extensions.push(attest_ext);
+
+    Ok(encode_der_sequence_of(&extensions))
+}
+
+fn build_extension(oid_der: &[u8], critical: bool, value_der: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let value_octet_string = encode_der_octet_string(value_der);
+    if critical {
+        let critical_der = encode_der_boolean(true);
+        encode_der_sequence(&[oid_der, &critical_der, &value_octet_string])
+    } else {
+        encode_der_sequence(&[oid_der, &value_octet_string])
+    }
+}
+
+fn build_key_usage_extension(ku_byte: u8) -> Vec<u8> {
+    // DER BIT STRING: minimal encoding requires trimming trailing zero bits
+    let unused_bits = ku_byte.trailing_zeros().min(7) as u8;
+
+    // BIT STRING = tag (0x03) + length(2) + unused_bits + byte
+    let bit_string = vec![0x03, 0x02, unused_bits, ku_byte];
+
+    let oid_der = encode_der_oid(OID_KEY_USAGE);
+    let value_octet_string = encode_der_octet_string(&bit_string);
+    let critical_der = encode_der_boolean(true);
+
+    encode_der_sequence(&[&oid_der, &critical_der, &value_octet_string])
+}
+
+// KeyUsage BIT STRING byte layout (RFC 5280):
+//   byte[0] bit 7 = digitalSignature (0x80)
+//   byte[0] bit 6 = nonRepudiation   (0x40)
+//   byte[0] bit 5 = keyEncipherment  (0x20)
+//   byte[0] bit 4 = dataEncipherment (0x10)
+//   byte[0] bit 3 = keyAgreement     (0x08)
+//   byte[0] bit 2 = keyCertSign      (0x04)
+//   byte[0] bit 1 = cRLSign          (0x02)
+//   byte[0] bit 0 = encipherOnly     (0x01)
+//   byte[1] bit 7 = decipherOnly     (0x80)
+fn map_key_usage_byte(purposes: &[i32]) -> u8 {
+    let mut bits: u8 = 0;
+    for &purpose in purposes {
+        match purpose {
+            2 => bits |= 0x80, // SIGN -> digitalSignature
+            1 => bits |= 0x10, // DECRYPT -> dataEncipherment
+            5 => bits |= 0x20, // WRAP_KEY -> keyEncipherment
+            6 => bits |= 0x08, // AGREE_KEY -> keyAgreement
+            7 => bits |= 0x04, // ATTEST_KEY -> keyCertSign
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+    bits
+}
+
+fn encode_validity(not_before: &OffsetDateTime, not_after: &OffsetDateTime) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let nb = encode_time(not_before);
+    let na = encode_time(not_after);
+    encode_der_sequence(&[&nb, &na])
+}
+
+fn encode_time(dt: &OffsetDateTime) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let year = dt.year();
+    if (1950..2050).contains(&year) {
+        encode_utctime(dt)
+    } else {
+        encode_gentime(dt)
+    }
+}
+
+fn encode_utctime(dt: &OffsetDateTime) -> Vec<u8> {
+    // UTCTime: YYMMDDHHMMSSZ
+    let year = dt.year() % 100;
+    let s = format!(
+        "{:02}{:02}{:02}{:02}{:02}{:02}Z",
+        year, dt.month() as u8, dt.day(), dt.hour(), dt.minute(), dt.second()
+    );
+    let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(2 + s.len());
+    out.push(0x17); // UTCTime tag
+    out.extend_from_slice(&encode_der_length_bytes(s.len()));
+    out.extend_from_slice(s.as_bytes());
+    out
+}
+
+fn encode_gentime(dt: &OffsetDateTime) -> Vec<u8> {
+    // GeneralizedTime: YYYYMMDDHHMMSSZ
+    let s = format!(
+        "{:04}{:02}{:02}{:02}{:02}{:02}Z",
+        dt.year(), dt.month() as u8, dt.day(), dt.hour(), dt.minute(), dt.second()
+    );
+    let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(2 + s.len());
+    out.push(0x18); // GeneralizedTime tag
+    out.extend_from_slice(&encode_der_length_bytes(s.len()));
+    out.extend_from_slice(s.as_bytes());
+    out
+}
+
+fn encode_simple_cn_dn(cn: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
+    // Name = SEQUENCE OF RelativeDistinguishedName
+    // RDN = SET OF AttributeTypeAndValue
+    // ATV = SEQUENCE { OID, UTF8String }
+    let cn_oid = encode_der_oid(&[2, 5, 4, 3]);
+    let cn_value = encode_der_utf8string(cn);
+    let atv = encode_der_sequence(&[&cn_oid, &cn_value]);
+    let rdn = encode_der_set(&[&atv]);
+    encode_der_sequence(&[&rdn])
+}
+
+fn timestamp_to_datetime(ts: i64) -> Result<OffsetDateTime> {
+    if ts == -1 {
+        return Ok(OffsetDateTime::now_utc());
+    }
+    OffsetDateTime::from_unix_timestamp(ts / 1000)
+        .map_err(|e| CertGenError::CertBuildFailed(format!("invalid timestamp {ts}: {e}")))
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// DER encoding primitives
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+fn encode_der_length_bytes(len: usize) -> Vec<u8> {
+    if len < 0x80 {
+        vec![len as u8]
+    } else if len <= 0xFF {
+        vec![0x81, len as u8]
+    } else if len <= 0xFFFF {
+        vec![0x82, (len >> 8) as u8, len as u8]
+    } else if len <= 0xFF_FFFF {
+        vec![0x83, (len >> 16) as u8, (len >> 8) as u8, len as u8]
+    } else {
+        vec![0x84, (len >> 24) as u8, (len >> 16) as u8, (len >> 8) as u8, len as u8]
+    }
+}
+
+fn encode_der_tag_length_value(tag: u8, content: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(1 + 4 + content.len());
+    out.push(tag);
+    out.extend_from_slice(&encode_der_length_bytes(content.len()));
+    out.extend_from_slice(content);
+    out
+}
+
+fn encode_der_sequence(items: &[&[u8]]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let total: usize = items.iter().map(|i| i.len()).sum();
+    let mut content = Vec::with_capacity(total);
+    for item in items {
+        content.extend_from_slice(item);
+    }
+    encode_der_tag_length_value(0x30, &content)
+}
+
+fn encode_der_sequence_of(items: &[Vec<u8>]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let total: usize = items.iter().map(|i| i.len()).sum();
+    let mut content = Vec::with_capacity(total);
+    for item in items {
+        content.extend_from_slice(item);
+    }
+    encode_der_tag_length_value(0x30, &content)
+}
+
+fn encode_der_set(items: &[&[u8]]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let total: usize = items.iter().map(|i| i.len()).sum();
+    let mut content = Vec::with_capacity(total);
+    for item in items {
+        content.extend_from_slice(item);
+    }
+    encode_der_tag_length_value(0x31, &content)
+}
+
+fn encode_der_explicit_tag(tag_num: u8, content: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    encode_der_tag_length_value(0xA0 | tag_num, content)
+}
+
+fn encode_der_integer(value: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    // DER INTEGER must have minimal encoding and leading 0x00 if high bit set
+    if value.is_empty() {
+        return encode_der_tag_length_value(0x02, &[0x00]);
+    }
+
+    // Strip leading zeros (but keep at least one byte)
+    let mut start = 0;
+    while start < value.len() - 1 && value[start] == 0 {
+        start += 1;
+    }
+    let trimmed = &value[start..];
+
+    // Add leading 0x00 if high bit is set (positive integer)
+    if trimmed[0] & 0x80 != 0 {
+        let mut padded = Vec::with_capacity(1 + trimmed.len());
+        padded.push(0x00);
+        padded.extend_from_slice(trimmed);
+        encode_der_tag_length_value(0x02, &padded)
+    } else {
+        encode_der_tag_length_value(0x02, trimmed)
+    }
+}
+
+fn encode_der_bit_string(bits: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    // BIT STRING: tag 0x03, length, unused_bits (0), content
+    let mut content = Vec::with_capacity(1 + bits.len());
+    content.push(0x00); // 0 unused bits
+    content.extend_from_slice(bits);
+    encode_der_tag_length_value(0x03, &content)
+}
+
+fn encode_der_octet_string(content: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    encode_der_tag_length_value(0x04, content)
+}
+
+fn encode_der_utf8string(s: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
+    encode_der_tag_length_value(0x0C, s.as_bytes())
+}
+
+fn encode_der_boolean(val: bool) -> Vec<u8> {
+    encode_der_tag_length_value(0x01, &[if val { 0xFF } else { 0x00 }])
+}
+
+fn encode_der_oid(components: &[u64]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    if components.len() < 2 {
+        return encode_der_tag_length_value(0x06, &[]);
+    }
+
+    let mut content = Vec::new();
+    // First two components encoded as 40 * c[0] + c[1]
+    content.push((components[0] * 40 + components[1]) as u8);
+
+    for &c in &components[2..] {
+        encode_oid_subidentifier(&mut content, c);
+    }
+
+    encode_der_tag_length_value(0x06, &content)
+}
+
+fn encode_oid_subidentifier(buf: &mut Vec<u8>, mut value: u64) {
+    if value == 0 {
+        buf.push(0);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Encode in base-128 with continuation bits
+    let mut bytes = Vec::new();
+    while value > 0 {
+        bytes.push((value & 0x7F) as u8);
+        value >>= 7;
+    }
+    bytes.reverse();
+
+    // Set high bit on all but the last byte
+    for i in 0..bytes.len() - 1 {
+        bytes[i] |= 0x80;
+    }
+
+    buf.extend_from_slice(&bytes);
+}

native-certgen/src/error.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+use std::fmt;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum CertGenError {
+    Jni(String),
+    NullParam(&'static str),
+    UnsupportedAlgorithm(i32),
+    UnsupportedEcCurve(i32),
+    KeyGenFailed(String),
+    CertBuildFailed(String),
+    KeyboxParseFailed(String),
+    AttestationBuildFailed(String),
+    DerError(der::Error),
+    EmptyKeyboxChain,
+    ChallengeTooLong(usize),
+    InvalidParameter(String),
+    SigningFailed(String),
+    SerializationFailed(String),
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for CertGenError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::Jni(msg) => write!(f, "JNI error: {}", msg),
+            Self::NullParam(name) => write!(f, "null required parameter: {}", name),
+            Self::UnsupportedAlgorithm(v) => write!(f, "unsupported algorithm: {}", v),
+            Self::UnsupportedEcCurve(v) => write!(f, "unsupported EC curve: {}", v),
+            Self::KeyGenFailed(msg) => write!(f, "key generation failed: {}", msg),
+            Self::CertBuildFailed(msg) => write!(f, "certificate build failed: {}", msg),
+            Self::KeyboxParseFailed(msg) => write!(f, "keybox parse failed: {}", msg),
+            Self::AttestationBuildFailed(msg) => write!(f, "attestation build failed: {}", msg),
+            Self::DerError(e) => write!(f, "DER error: {}", e),
+            Self::EmptyKeyboxChain => write!(f, "keybox certificate chain is empty"),
+            Self::ChallengeTooLong(len) => write!(f, "attestation challenge too long: {} bytes (max 128)", len),
+            Self::InvalidParameter(msg) => write!(f, "invalid parameter: {}", msg),
+            Self::SigningFailed(msg) => write!(f, "signing failed: {}", msg),
+            Self::SerializationFailed(msg) => write!(f, "serialization failed: {}", msg),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::error::Error for CertGenError {}
+
+impl From<jni::errors::Error> for CertGenError {
+    fn from(e: jni::errors::Error) -> Self {
+        Self::Jni(e.to_string())
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<der::Error> for CertGenError {
+    fn from(e: der::Error) -> Self {
+        Self::DerError(e)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<ring::error::Unspecified> for CertGenError {
+    fn from(e: ring::error::Unspecified) -> Self {
+        Self::KeyGenFailed(e.to_string())
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<ring::error::KeyRejected> for CertGenError {
+    fn from(e: ring::error::KeyRejected) -> Self {
+        Self::KeyGenFailed(e.to_string())
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<rsa::Error> for CertGenError {
+    fn from(e: rsa::Error) -> Self {
+        Self::KeyGenFailed(e.to_string())
+    }
+}
+
+
+pub type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, CertGenError>;

native-certgen/src/keybox.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+use crate::error::{CertGenError, Result};
+use der::{Decode, Encode};
+use x509_cert::Certificate;
+
+pub struct ParsedKeybox {
+    pub signing_key_der: Vec<u8>,
+    pub issuer_dn_der: Vec<u8>,
+    pub cert_chain_ders: Vec<Vec<u8>>,
+    pub leaf_not_after: i64,
+}
+
+pub fn parse_keybox(cert_chain_bytes: &[u8], private_key_bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<ParsedKeybox> {
+    let certs = split_der_certificates(cert_chain_bytes)?;
+    if certs.is_empty() {
+        return Err(CertGenError::KeyboxParseFailed("no certificates found".into()));
+    }
+
+    let leaf = Certificate::from_der(&certs[0])
+        .map_err(|e| CertGenError::KeyboxParseFailed(format!("leaf cert parse: {e}")))?;
+
+    let issuer_dn_der = leaf.tbs_certificate.subject.to_der()
+        .map_err(|e| CertGenError::KeyboxParseFailed(format!("subject DN encode: {e}")))?;
+
+    let not_after = leaf.tbs_certificate.validity.not_after;
+    let leaf_not_after = not_after.to_unix_duration().as_secs() as i64;
+
+    Ok(ParsedKeybox {
+        signing_key_der: private_key_bytes.to_vec(),
+        issuer_dn_der,
+        cert_chain_ders: certs,
+        leaf_not_after,
+    })
+}
+
+fn split_der_certificates(data: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<Vec<u8>>> {
+    let mut certs = Vec::new();
+    let mut offset = 0;
+
+    while offset < data.len() {
+        if data[offset] != 0x30 {
+            return Err(CertGenError::KeyboxParseFailed(
+                format!("expected SEQUENCE tag 0x30 at offset {offset}, got 0x{:02x}", data[offset])
+            ));
+        }
+
+        let (content_len, header_len) = parse_der_length(&data[offset + 1..])?;
+        let total_len = 1 + header_len + content_len;
+
+        if offset + total_len > data.len() {
+            return Err(CertGenError::KeyboxParseFailed(
+                format!("cert at offset {offset} extends beyond buffer: need {total_len}, have {}", data.len() - offset)
+            ));
+        }
+
+        certs.push(data[offset..offset + total_len].to_vec());
+        offset += total_len;
+    }
+
+    if certs.is_empty() {
+        return Err(CertGenError::KeyboxParseFailed("no certificates in chain".into()));
+    }
+
+    Ok(certs)
+}
+
+// Returns (content_length, number_of_length_bytes_consumed)
+fn parse_der_length(data: &[u8]) -> Result<(usize, usize)> {
+    if data.is_empty() {
+        return Err(CertGenError::KeyboxParseFailed("truncated DER length".into()));
+    }
+
+    let first = data[0];
+
+    if first < 0x80 {
+        // Short form: length is the byte itself
+        return Ok((first as usize, 1));
+    }
+
+    // Long form: low 7 bits = number of subsequent length bytes
+    let num_bytes = (first & 0x7f) as usize;
+    if num_bytes == 0 || num_bytes > 4 {
+        return Err(CertGenError::KeyboxParseFailed(
+            format!("unsupported DER length encoding: 0x{first:02x}")
+        ));
+    }
+    if 1 + num_bytes > data.len() {
+        return Err(CertGenError::KeyboxParseFailed("truncated multi-byte DER length".into()));
+    }
+
+    let mut len: usize = 0;
+    for i in 0..num_bytes {
+        len = (len << 8) | (data[1 + i] as usize);
+    }
+
+    Ok((len, 1 + num_bytes))
+}

native-certgen/src/keygen.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+use crate::error::{CertGenError, Result};
+use crate::types::{Algorithm, EcCurve, GeneratedKeyPair};
+
+pub fn generate_key_pair(
+    algorithm: Algorithm,
+    key_size: u32,
+    ec_curve: Option<EcCurve>,
+    rsa_public_exponent: u64,
+) -> Result<GeneratedKeyPair> {
+    match algorithm {
+        Algorithm::Ec => {
+            let curve = ec_curve.ok_or_else(|| CertGenError::InvalidParameter("ec_curve required for EC".into()))?;
+            generate_ec_key_pair(curve)
+        }
+        Algorithm::Rsa => generate_rsa_key_pair(key_size, rsa_public_exponent),
+    }
+}
+
+fn generate_ec_key_pair(curve: EcCurve) -> Result<GeneratedKeyPair> {
+    let alg = match curve {
+        EcCurve::P256 => &ring::signature::ECDSA_P256_SHA256_ASN1_SIGNING,
+        EcCurve::P384 => &ring::signature::ECDSA_P384_SHA384_ASN1_SIGNING,
+        _ => return Err(CertGenError::UnsupportedEcCurve(curve as i32)),
+    };
+
+    let rng = ring::rand::SystemRandom::new();
+    let pkcs8_doc = ring::signature::EcdsaKeyPair::generate_pkcs8(alg, &rng)?;
+
+    Ok(GeneratedKeyPair {
+        private_key_pkcs8: pkcs8_doc.as_ref().to_vec(),
+    })
+}
+
+fn generate_rsa_key_pair(key_size: u32, rsa_public_exponent: u64) -> Result<GeneratedKeyPair> {
+    use pkcs8::EncodePrivateKey;
+
+    if !matches!(key_size, 2048 | 3072 | 4096) {
+        return Err(CertGenError::InvalidParameter(
+            format!("RSA key size must be 2048, 3072, or 4096; got {key_size}")
+        ));
+    }
+
+    let exp = if rsa_public_exponent == 0 {
+        rsa::BigUint::from(65537u64)
+    } else {
+        rsa::BigUint::from(rsa_public_exponent)
+    };
+
+    let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
+    let private_key = rsa::RsaPrivateKey::new_with_exp(&mut rng, key_size as usize, &exp)
+        .map_err(|e| CertGenError::KeyGenFailed(e.to_string()))?;
+
+    let pkcs8_der = private_key.to_pkcs8_der()
+        .map_err(|e| CertGenError::SerializationFailed(e.to_string()))?;
+
+    Ok(GeneratedKeyPair {
+        private_key_pkcs8: pkcs8_der.as_bytes().to_vec(),
+    })
+}

native-certgen/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
+#![deny(clippy::unwrap_used, clippy::expect_used)]
+
+mod error;
+mod types;
+mod keygen;
+pub mod keybox;
+pub mod attestation;
+pub mod certbuilder;
+pub mod logging;
+
+use jni::objects::{JByteArray, JClass, JIntArray, JObject, JString};
+use jni::sys::{jboolean, jbyteArray, jstring};
+use jni::JNIEnv;
+
+use crate::error::{CertGenError, Result};
+use crate::types::{Algorithm, CertGenParams, EcCurve};
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// JNI entry: generateAttestedKeyPair
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#[no_mangle]
+pub extern "system" fn Java_org_matrix_TEESimulator_pki_NativeCertGen_generateAttestedKeyPair(
+    mut env: JNIEnv,
+    _class: JClass,
+    config: JObject,
+) -> jbyteArray {
+    let result = std::panic::catch_unwind(std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe(|| {
+        generate_attested_inner(&mut env, &config)
+    }));
+
+    match result {
+        Ok(Ok(raw)) => raw,
+        Ok(Err(e)) => {
+            tracing::error!(%e, "generateAttestedKeyPair failed");
+            let _ = env.throw_new(
+                "java/lang/RuntimeException",
+                format!("NativeCertGen: {e}"),
+            );
+            std::ptr::null_mut()
+        }
+        Err(_) => {
+            tracing::error!("generateAttestedKeyPair panicked");
+            let _ = env.throw_new(
+                "java/lang/RuntimeException",
+                "NativeCertGen: internal panic",
+            );
+            std::ptr::null_mut()
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn generate_attested_inner(env: &mut JNIEnv, config: &JObject) -> Result<jbyteArray> {
+    let params = extract_config(env, config)?;
+
+    let key_pair = keygen::generate_key_pair(
+        params.algorithm,
+        params.key_size,
+        params.ec_curve,
+        params.rsa_public_exponent,
+    )?;
+
+    let keybox = keybox::parse_keybox(&params.keybox_cert_chain, &params.keybox_private_key)?;
+
+    let attest_ext = attestation::build_attestation_extension(&params)?;
+
+    let cert_chain = certbuilder::build_certificate_chain(
+        &key_pair,
+        &attest_ext,
+        &keybox,
+        &params,
+    )?;
+
+    let blob = assemble_result(&key_pair.private_key_pkcs8, &cert_chain);
+
+    let out = env.byte_array_from_slice(&blob)?;
+    Ok(out.into_raw())
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// JNI entry: initLogging
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#[no_mangle]
+pub extern "system" fn Java_org_matrix_TEESimulator_pki_NativeCertGen_initLogging(
+    mut env: JNIEnv,
+    _class: JClass,
+    verbose: jboolean,
+    log_dir: JString,
+) -> jboolean {
+    let result = std::panic::catch_unwind(std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe(|| {
+        init_logging_inner(&mut env, verbose, &log_dir)
+    }));
+
+    match result {
+        Ok(Ok(())) => 1,
+        Ok(Err(e)) => {
+            let _ = env.throw_new(
+                "java/lang/RuntimeException",
+                format!("NativeCertGen initLogging: {e}"),
+            );
+            0
+        }
+        Err(_) => {
+            let _ = env.throw_new(
+                "java/lang/RuntimeException",
+                "NativeCertGen initLogging: internal panic",
+            );
+            0
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn init_logging_inner(env: &mut JNIEnv, verbose: jboolean, log_dir: &JString) -> Result<()> {
+    let dir: String = env.get_string(log_dir)?.into();
+    logging::init(verbose != 0, &dir, 2, 3)
+        .map_err(|e| CertGenError::Jni(format!("logging init failed: {e}")))?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// JNI entry: dumpLogs
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#[no_mangle]
+pub extern "system" fn Java_org_matrix_TEESimulator_pki_NativeCertGen_dumpLogs(
+    mut env: JNIEnv,
+    _class: JClass,
+) -> jstring {
+    let result = std::panic::catch_unwind(std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe(|| {
+        dump_logs_inner(&mut env)
+    }));
+
+    match result {
+        Ok(Ok(raw)) => raw,
+        Ok(Err(e)) => {
+            tracing::error!(%e, "dumpLogs failed");
+            std::ptr::null_mut()
+        }
+        Err(_) => {
+            tracing::error!("dumpLogs panicked");
+            std::ptr::null_mut()
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn dump_logs_inner(env: &mut JNIEnv) -> Result<jstring> {
+    logging::dump::execute_dump()
+        .map_err(|e| CertGenError::Jni(format!("dump failed: {e}")))?;
+
+    // Read the dump path written by execute_dump
+    let path = std::fs::read_to_string("/data/adb/tricky_store/.dump_path")
+        .map_err(|e| CertGenError::Jni(format!("read dump path: {e}")))?;
+
+    let jpath = env.new_string(&path)?;
+    Ok(jpath.into_raw())
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Config extraction from Java CertGenConfig object
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+fn extract_config(env: &mut JNIEnv, config: &JObject) -> Result<CertGenParams> {
+    let algorithm = get_int(env, config, "algorithm")?;
+    let key_size = get_int(env, config, "keySize")?;
+    let ec_curve_raw = get_int(env, config, "ecCurve")?;
+    let rsa_pub_exp = get_long(env, config, "rsaPublicExponent")?;
+
+    let cert_not_before = get_long(env, config, "certNotBefore")?;
+    let cert_not_after = get_long(env, config, "certNotAfter")?;
+    let security_level = get_int(env, config, "securityLevel")?;
+    let attest_version = get_int(env, config, "attestVersion")?;
+    let keymaster_version = get_int(env, config, "keymasterVersion")?;
+    let os_version = get_int(env, config, "osVersion")?;
+    let os_patch_level = get_int(env, config, "osPatchLevel")?;
+    let vendor_patch_level = get_int(env, config, "vendorPatchLevel")?;
+    let boot_patch_level = get_int(env, config, "bootPatchLevel")?;
+    let creation_datetime = get_long(env, config, "creationDatetime")?;
+
+    let attestation_challenge = get_nullable_byte_array(env, config, "attestationChallenge")?;
+    let purposes = get_int_array(env, config, "purposes")?;
+    let digests = get_int_array(env, config, "digests")?;
+    let cert_serial = get_nullable_byte_array(env, config, "certSerial")?;
+    let cert_subject = get_nullable_byte_array(env, config, "certSubject")?;
+    let keybox_private_key = get_byte_array(env, config, "keyboxPrivateKey")?;
+    let keybox_cert_chain = get_byte_array(env, config, "keyboxCertChain")?;
+    let boot_key = get_byte_array(env, config, "bootKey")?;
+    let boot_hash = get_byte_array(env, config, "bootHash")?;
+    let attestation_app_id = get_byte_array(env, config, "attestationApplicationId")?;
+    let module_hash = get_nullable_byte_array(env, config, "moduleHash")?;
+
+    let id_brand = get_nullable_byte_array(env, config, "idBrand")?;
+    let id_device = get_nullable_byte_array(env, config, "idDevice")?;
+    let id_product = get_nullable_byte_array(env, config, "idProduct")?;
+    let id_serial = get_nullable_byte_array(env, config, "idSerial")?;
+    let id_imei = get_nullable_byte_array(env, config, "idImei")?;
+    let id_meid = get_nullable_byte_array(env, config, "idMeid")?;
+    let id_manufacturer = get_nullable_byte_array(env, config, "idManufacturer")?;
+    let id_model = get_nullable_byte_array(env, config, "idModel")?;
+    let id_second_imei = get_nullable_byte_array(env, config, "idSecondImei")?;
+
+    Ok(CertGenParams {
+        algorithm: Algorithm::try_from(algorithm)?,
+        key_size: key_size as u32,
+        ec_curve: if algorithm == 3 {
+            Some(EcCurve::try_from(ec_curve_raw)?)
+        } else {
+            None
+        },
+        rsa_public_exponent: rsa_pub_exp as u64,
+        attestation_challenge,
+        purposes,
+        digests,
+        cert_serial,
+        cert_subject,
+        cert_not_before,
+        cert_not_after,
+        keybox_private_key,
+        keybox_cert_chain,
+        security_level,
+        attest_version,
+        keymaster_version,
+        os_version,
+        os_patch_level,
+        vendor_patch_level,
+        boot_patch_level,
+        boot_key,
+        boot_hash,
+        creation_datetime,
+        attestation_application_id: attestation_app_id,
+        module_hash,
+        id_brand,
+        id_device,
+        id_product,
+        id_serial,
+        id_imei,
+        id_meid,
+        id_manufacturer,
+        id_model,
+        id_second_imei,
+    })
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// JNI field accessor helpers — called 35+ times, justifies the abstraction
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+fn get_int(env: &mut JNIEnv, obj: &JObject, name: &str) -> Result<i32> {
+    Ok(env.get_field(obj, name, "I")?.i()?)
+}
+
+fn get_long(env: &mut JNIEnv, obj: &JObject, name: &str) -> Result<i64> {
+    Ok(env.get_field(obj, name, "J")?.j()?)
+}
+
+fn get_byte_array(env: &mut JNIEnv, obj: &JObject, name: &'static str) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let field = env.get_field(obj, name, "[B")?.l()?;
+    if field.is_null() {
+        return Err(CertGenError::NullParam(name));
+    }
+    let arr: JByteArray = field.into();
+    let len = env.get_array_length(&arr)?;
+    let mut buf = vec![0i8; len as usize];
+    env.get_byte_array_region(&arr, 0, &mut buf)?;
+    env.delete_local_ref(arr)?;
+    Ok(buf.into_iter().map(|b| b as u8).collect())
+}
+
+fn get_nullable_byte_array(
+    env: &mut JNIEnv,
+    obj: &JObject,
+    name: &str,
+) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>> {
+    let field = env.get_field(obj, name, "[B")?.l()?;
+    if field.is_null() {
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+    let arr: JByteArray = field.into();
+    let len = env.get_array_length(&arr)?;
+    let mut buf = vec![0i8; len as usize];
+    env.get_byte_array_region(&arr, 0, &mut buf)?;
+    env.delete_local_ref(arr)?;
+    Ok(Some(buf.into_iter().map(|b| b as u8).collect()))
+}
+
+fn get_int_array(env: &mut JNIEnv, obj: &JObject, name: &str) -> Result<Vec<i32>> {
+    let field = env.get_field(obj, name, "[I")?.l()?;
+    if field.is_null() {
+        return Ok(vec![]);
+    }
+    let arr: JIntArray = field.into();
+    let len = env.get_array_length(&arr)?;
+    let mut buf = vec![0i32; len as usize];
+    env.get_int_array_region(&arr, 0, &mut buf)?;
+    env.delete_local_ref(arr)?;
+    Ok(buf)
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Binary result assembly (doc 09 section 4.1)
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+fn assemble_result(private_key: &[u8], cert_chain: &[Vec<u8>]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let total = 4 + private_key.len()
+        + 4
+        + cert_chain.iter().map(|c| 4 + c.len()).sum::<usize>();
+
+    let mut buf = Vec::with_capacity(total);
+
+    // Private key segment
+    buf.extend_from_slice(&(private_key.len() as u32).to_be_bytes());
+    buf.extend_from_slice(private_key);
+
+    // Cert count
+    buf.extend_from_slice(&(cert_chain.len() as u32).to_be_bytes());
+
+    // Each cert: length-prefixed DER
+    for cert in cert_chain {
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&(cert.len() as u32).to_be_bytes());
+        buf.extend_from_slice(cert);
+    }
+
+    buf
+}

native-certgen/src/logging/dump.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+use std::fs::{self, File};
+use std::io::{Read, Write};
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::process::Command;
+use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
+
+const DUMP_DIR: &str = "/sdcard/Download";
+const LOCK_PATH: &str = "/data/adb/tricky_store/.dump_lock";
+const DUMP_PATH_FILE: &str = "/data/adb/tricky_store/.dump_path";
+const LOG_DIR: &str = "/data/adb/tricky_store/logs";
+const BASE_DIR: &str = "/data/adb/tricky_store";
+const LOGCAT_SIZE_LIMIT: usize = 2 * 1024 * 1024;
+
+struct FlockGuard {
+    _file: File,
+}
+
+impl FlockGuard {
+    fn acquire() -> Result<Self, Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+        if let Some(parent) = Path::new(LOCK_PATH).parent() {
+            fs::create_dir_all(parent)?;
+        }
+        let file = File::create(LOCK_PATH)?;
+        let fd = {
+            use std::os::unix::io::AsRawFd;
+            file.as_raw_fd()
+        };
+        let ret = unsafe { libc::flock(fd, libc::LOCK_EX | libc::LOCK_NB) };
+        if ret != 0 {
+            return Err("dump already in progress".into());
+        }
+        Ok(Self { _file: file })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for FlockGuard {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        // flock released automatically when file descriptor closes
+    }
+}
+
+fn random_name(len: usize) -> String {
+    use rand::Rng;
+    let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
+    (0..len)
+        .map(|_| {
+            let idx = rng.gen_range(0..36u8);
+            if idx < 10 {
+                (b'0' + idx) as char
+            } else {
+                (b'a' + idx - 10) as char
+            }
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn collect_logcat(tag: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let output = Command::new("logcat")
+        .args(["-d", "-s", tag])
+        .output();
+
+    match output {
+        Ok(o) => {
+            let mut data = o.stdout;
+            data.truncate(LOGCAT_SIZE_LIMIT);
+            data
+        }
+        Err(_) => Vec::new(),
+    }
+}
+
+fn collect_device_info() -> String {
+    let mut info = String::new();
+
+    if let Ok(output) = Command::new("uname").arg("-a").output() {
+        info.push_str(&format!(
+            "uname={}\n",
+            String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stdout).trim()
+        ));
+    }
+
+    for (key, prop) in [
+        ("device", "ro.product.device"),
+        ("build", "ro.build.display.id"),
+        ("android", "ro.build.version.release"),
+    ] {
+        if let Ok(output) = Command::new("getprop").arg(prop).output() {
+            info.push_str(&format!(
+                "{}={}\n",
+                key,
+                String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stdout).trim()
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+
+    // KSU version
+    if let Ok(ver) = fs::read_to_string("/data/adb/ksu/version") {
+        info.push_str(&format!("ksu={}\n", ver.trim()));
+    }
+
+    // Module version from module.prop
+    if let Ok(prop) = fs::read_to_string("/data/adb/modules/tricky_store/module.prop") {
+        for line in prop.lines() {
+            if let Some(ver) = line.strip_prefix("version=") {
+                info.push_str(&format!("module={}\n", ver.trim()));
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    info
+}
+
+fn read_file_bytes(path: &str) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
+    let mut buf = Vec::new();
+    File::open(path).ok()?.read_to_end(&mut buf).ok()?;
+    Some(buf)
+}
+
+fn epoch_millis() -> u64 {
+    SystemTime::now()
+        .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+        .map(|d| d.as_millis() as u64)
+        .unwrap_or(0)
+}
+
+pub fn execute_dump() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    let _lock = FlockGuard::acquire()?;
+
+    let _ = fs::create_dir_all(DUMP_DIR);
+    let zip_name = format!("{}.zip", random_name(8));
+    let zip_path = format!("{}/{}", DUMP_DIR, zip_name);
+
+    let zip_file = File::create(&zip_path)?;
+    let mut zip = zip::ZipWriter::new(zip_file);
+    let options =
+        zip::write::SimpleFileOptions::default().compression_method(zip::CompressionMethod::Deflated);
+
+    let mut file_count = 0u32;
+
+    // Log files
+    let log_files = [
+        "certgen.log",
+        "certgen.log.1",
+        "certgen.log.2",
+        "certgen.log.3",
+        "certgen.log.4",
+    ];
+    for name in &log_files {
+        let path = format!("{}/{}", LOG_DIR, name);
+        if let Some(data) = read_file_bytes(&path) {
+            zip.start_file(*name, options)?;
+            zip.write_all(&data)?;
+            file_count += 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Logcat
+    let logcat = collect_logcat("TEESimulator");
+    if !logcat.is_empty() {
+        zip.start_file("logcat-teesimulator.log", options)?;
+        zip.write_all(&logcat)?;
+        file_count += 1;
+    }
+
+    // Config files
+    for name in ["tee_status.txt", "security_patch.txt"] {
+        let path = format!("{}/{}", BASE_DIR, name);
+        if let Some(data) = read_file_bytes(&path) {
+            zip.start_file(name, options)?;
+            zip.write_all(&data)?;
+            file_count += 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Device info
+    let device_info = collect_device_info();
+    if !device_info.is_empty() {
+        zip.start_file("device-info.txt", options)?;
+        zip.write_all(device_info.as_bytes())?;
+        file_count += 1;
+    }
+
+    // Manifest
+    let manifest = serde_json::json!({
+        "timestamp": epoch_millis(),
+        "version": env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"),
+        "files": file_count,
+    });
+    zip.start_file("manifest.json", options)?;
+    zip.write_all(manifest.to_string().as_bytes())?;
+
+    zip.finish()?;
+
+    let zip_size = fs::metadata(&zip_path).map(|m| m.len()).unwrap_or(0);
+    fs::write(DUMP_PATH_FILE, &zip_path)?;
+
+    let result = serde_json::json!({
+        "zip": zip_path,
+        "size": zip_size,
+        "files": file_count + 1, // +1 for manifest
+    });
+    println!("{}", result);
+
+    tracing::info!(path = %zip_path, size = zip_size, "diagnostic dump created");
+
+    Ok(())
+}

native-certgen/src/logging/kmsg.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+use std::fs::{File, OpenOptions};
+use std::io::Write;
+use std::sync::Mutex;
+use tracing::field::{Field, Visit};
+use tracing::{Event, Level, Subscriber};
+use tracing_subscriber::layer::Context;
+use tracing_subscriber::Layer;
+
+const KMSG_PATH: &str = "/dev/kmsg";
+const TAG: &str = "TEESimulator";
+
+pub struct KmsgLayer {
+    writer: Mutex<Option<File>>,
+}
+
+impl KmsgLayer {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        let file = OpenOptions::new().write(true).open(KMSG_PATH).ok();
+        Self {
+            writer: Mutex::new(file),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn syslog_priority(level: &Level) -> u8 {
+    match *level {
+        Level::ERROR => 3,
+        Level::WARN => 4,
+        Level::INFO => 6,
+        Level::DEBUG | Level::TRACE => 7,
+    }
+}
+
+struct MessageVisitor {
+    message: String,
+    fields: String,
+}
+
+impl MessageVisitor {
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            message: String::new(),
+            fields: String::new(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Visit for MessageVisitor {
+    fn record_debug(&mut self, field: &Field, value: &dyn std::fmt::Debug) {
+        if field.name() == "message" {
+            let raw = format!("{:?}", value);
+            // Strip surrounding debug quotes if present
+            self.message = raw
+                .strip_prefix('"')
+                .and_then(|s| s.strip_suffix('"'))
+                .unwrap_or(&raw)
+                .to_string();
+        } else {
+            if !self.fields.is_empty() {
+                self.fields.push(' ');
+            }
+            self.fields.push_str(&format!("{}={:?}", field.name(), value));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S: Subscriber> Layer<S> for KmsgLayer {
+    fn on_event(&self, event: &Event<'_>, _ctx: Context<'_, S>) {
+        let mut guard = match self.writer.lock() {
+            Ok(g) => g,
+            Err(_) => return,
+        };
+        let file = match guard.as_mut() {
+            Some(f) => f,
+            None => return,
+        };
+
+        let priority = syslog_priority(event.metadata().level());
+        let mut visitor = MessageVisitor::new();
+        event.record(&mut visitor);
+
+        let line = if visitor.fields.is_empty() {
+            format!("<{}>{}: {}\n", priority, TAG, visitor.message)
+        } else {
+            format!(
+                "<{}>{}: {} {}\n",
+                priority, TAG, visitor.message, visitor.fields
+            )
+        };
+
+        let _ = file.write_all(line.as_bytes());
+    }
+}

native-certgen/src/logging/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+mod kmsg;
+mod rotating;
+pub mod sysfs;
+pub mod dump;
+
+use std::path::Path;
+use tracing_subscriber::{layer::SubscriberExt, util::SubscriberInitExt, EnvFilter};
+
+const VERBOSE_MARKER: &str = "/data/adb/tricky_store/.verbose";
+
+pub fn init(
+    verbose_flag: bool,
+    log_dir: &str,
+    max_size_mb: u64,
+    max_files: usize,
+) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    let verbose = verbose_flag || Path::new(VERBOSE_MARKER).exists();
+
+    let (max_size, max_files) = if verbose {
+        (5 * 1024 * 1024, 5)
+    } else {
+        (max_size_mb * 1024 * 1024, max_files)
+    };
+
+    let level = if verbose { "trace" } else { "info" };
+    let filter = EnvFilter::try_from_default_env().unwrap_or_else(|_| EnvFilter::new(level));
+
+    let kmsg_layer = kmsg::KmsgLayer::new();
+    let rotating_layer = rotating::RotatingFileLayer::new(log_dir, max_size, max_files);
+    let stderr_layer = tracing_subscriber::fmt::layer().with_writer(std::io::stderr);
+
+    // Idempotent — second call returns Ok instead of propagating SetGlobalDefaultError
+    let _ = tracing_subscriber::registry()
+        .with(filter)
+        .with(kmsg_layer)
+        .with(rotating_layer)
+        .with(stderr_layer)
+        .try_init();
+
+    Ok(())
+}

native-certgen/src/logging/rotating.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+use std::fs::{self, File, OpenOptions};
+use std::io::Write;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use std::sync::Mutex;
+use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
+use tracing::field::{Field, Visit};
+use tracing::{Event, Level, Subscriber};
+use tracing_subscriber::layer::Context;
+use tracing_subscriber::Layer;
+
+struct RotatingState {
+    dir: PathBuf,
+    current: Option<File>,
+    current_size: u64,
+    max_size: u64,
+    max_files: usize,
+}
+
+pub struct RotatingFileLayer {
+    state: Mutex<RotatingState>,
+}
+
+impl RotatingFileLayer {
+    pub fn new(dir: &str, max_size: u64, max_files: usize) -> Self {
+        let dir = PathBuf::from(dir);
+        let _ = fs::create_dir_all(&dir);
+        let (file, size) = open_current_log(&dir);
+        Self {
+            state: Mutex::new(RotatingState {
+                dir,
+                current: file,
+                current_size: size,
+                max_size,
+                max_files,
+            }),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn open_current_log(dir: &Path) -> (Option<File>, u64) {
+    let path = dir.join("certgen.log");
+    let size = fs::metadata(&path).map(|m| m.len()).unwrap_or(0);
+    let file = OpenOptions::new()
+        .create(true)
+        .append(true)
+        .open(&path)
+        .ok();
+    (file, size)
+}
+
+fn rotate(state: &mut RotatingState) {
+    // Close current handle before renaming
+    state.current.take();
+
+    let dir = &state.dir;
+    // Delete the oldest rotated file before shifting
+    let oldest = dir.join(format!("certgen.log.{}", state.max_files));
+    if oldest.exists() {
+        let _ = fs::remove_file(&oldest);
+    }
+    // Shift older files up: .{N} -> .{N+1}
+    for i in (1..state.max_files).rev() {
+        let from = dir.join(format!("certgen.log.{}", i));
+        let to = dir.join(format!("certgen.log.{}", i + 1));
+        if from.exists() {
+            let _ = fs::rename(&from, &to);
+        }
+    }
+    // Current -> .1
+    let current_path = dir.join("certgen.log");
+    let first_rotated = dir.join("certgen.log.1");
+    if current_path.exists() {
+        let _ = fs::rename(&current_path, &first_rotated);
+    }
+
+    let (file, size) = open_current_log(dir);
+    state.current = file;
+    state.current_size = size;
+}
+
+fn epoch_secs() -> u64 {
+    SystemTime::now()
+        .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+        .map(|d| d.as_secs())
+        .unwrap_or(0)
+}
+
+fn level_str(level: &Level) -> &'static str {
+    match *level {
+        Level::ERROR => "ERROR",
+        Level::WARN => "WARN",
+        Level::INFO => "INFO",
+        Level::DEBUG => "DEBUG",
+        Level::TRACE => "TRACE",
+    }
+}
+
+struct LogVisitor {
+    message: String,
+    fields: String,
+}
+
+impl LogVisitor {
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            message: String::new(),
+            fields: String::new(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Visit for LogVisitor {
+    fn record_debug(&mut self, field: &Field, value: &dyn std::fmt::Debug) {
+        if field.name() == "message" {
+            let raw = format!("{:?}", value);
+            self.message = raw
+                .strip_prefix('"')
+                .and_then(|s| s.strip_suffix('"'))
+                .unwrap_or(&raw)
+                .to_string();
+        } else {
+            if !self.fields.is_empty() {
+                self.fields.push(' ');
+            }
+            self.fields.push_str(&format!("{}={:?}", field.name(), value));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S: Subscriber> Layer<S> for RotatingFileLayer {
+    fn on_event(&self, event: &Event<'_>, _ctx: Context<'_, S>) {
+        let mut state = match self.state.lock() {
+            Ok(s) => s,
+            Err(_) => return,
+        };
+
+        if state.current_size >= state.max_size {
+            rotate(&mut state);
+        }
+
+        let file = match state.current.as_mut() {
+            Some(f) => f,
+            None => return,
+        };
+
+        let ts = epoch_secs();
+        let lvl = level_str(event.metadata().level());
+        let target = event.metadata().target();
+
+        let mut visitor = LogVisitor::new();
+        event.record(&mut visitor);
+
+        let line = if visitor.fields.is_empty() {
+            format!("{} [{}] {}: {}\n", ts, lvl, target, visitor.message)
+        } else {
+            format!(
+                "{} [{}] {}: {} {}\n",
+                ts, lvl, target, visitor.message, visitor.fields
+            )
+        };
+
+        if file.write_all(line.as_bytes()).is_ok() {
+            state.current_size += line.len() as u64;
+        }
+    }
+}

native-certgen/src/logging/sysfs.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+use std::fs;
+use std::path::Path;
+
+const VERBOSE_MARKER: &str = "/data/adb/tricky_store/.verbose";
+
+pub fn is_verbose() -> bool {
+    Path::new(VERBOSE_MARKER).exists()
+}
+
+pub fn set_verbose_marker(enabled: bool) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    if enabled {
+        if let Some(parent) = Path::new(VERBOSE_MARKER).parent() {
+            fs::create_dir_all(parent)?;
+        }
+        fs::write(VERBOSE_MARKER, "")?;
+    } else if Path::new(VERBOSE_MARKER).exists() {
+        fs::remove_file(VERBOSE_MARKER)?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn enable() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    set_verbose_marker(true)?;
+    tracing::info!("verbose logging enabled via marker file");
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn disable() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    set_verbose_marker(false)?;
+    tracing::info!("verbose logging disabled, marker file removed");
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn status() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    let state = if is_verbose() { "enabled" } else { "disabled" };
+    tracing::info!(verbose = state, "verbose marker status");
+    Ok(())
+}

native-certgen/src/types.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+use crate::error::CertGenError;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[repr(i32)]
+pub enum Algorithm {
+    Rsa = 1,
+    Ec = 3,
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<i32> for Algorithm {
+    type Error = CertGenError;
+    fn try_from(value: i32) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        match value {
+            1 => Ok(Self::Rsa),
+            3 => Ok(Self::Ec),
+            _ => Err(CertGenError::UnsupportedAlgorithm(value)),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[repr(i32)]
+pub enum EcCurve {
+    P224 = 0,
+    P256 = 1,
+    P384 = 2,
+    P521 = 3,
+    Curve25519 = 4,
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<i32> for EcCurve {
+    type Error = CertGenError;
+    fn try_from(value: i32) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        match value {
+            0 => Ok(Self::P224),
+            1 => Ok(Self::P256),
+            2 => Ok(Self::P384),
+            3 => Ok(Self::P521),
+            4 => Ok(Self::Curve25519),
+            _ => Err(CertGenError::UnsupportedEcCurve(value)),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[repr(i32)]
+pub enum KeyPurpose {
+    Encrypt = 0,
+    Decrypt = 1,
+    Sign = 2,
+    Verify = 3,
+    WrapKey = 5,
+    AgreeKey = 6,
+    AttestKey = 7,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[repr(i32)]
+pub enum SecurityLevel {
+    Software = 0,
+    TrustedEnvironment = 1,
+    StrongBox = 2,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[repr(i32)]
+pub enum VerifiedBootState {
+    Verified = 0,
+    SelfSigned = 1,
+    Unverified = 2,
+    Failed = 3,
+}
+
+pub struct CertGenParams {
+    pub algorithm: Algorithm,
+    pub key_size: u32,
+    pub ec_curve: Option<EcCurve>,
+    pub rsa_public_exponent: u64,
+
+    pub attestation_challenge: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+    pub purposes: Vec<i32>,
+    pub digests: Vec<i32>,
+
+    pub cert_serial: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+    pub cert_subject: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+    pub cert_not_before: i64,
+    pub cert_not_after: i64,
+
+    pub keybox_private_key: Vec<u8>,
+    pub keybox_cert_chain: Vec<u8>,
+
+    pub security_level: i32,
+    pub attest_version: i32,
+    pub keymaster_version: i32,
+
+    pub os_version: i32,
+    pub os_patch_level: i32,
+    pub vendor_patch_level: i32,
+    pub boot_patch_level: i32,
+
+    pub boot_key: Vec<u8>,
+    pub boot_hash: Vec<u8>,
+
+    pub creation_datetime: i64,
+    pub attestation_application_id: Vec<u8>,
+    pub module_hash: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+
+    pub id_brand: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+    pub id_device: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+    pub id_product: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+    pub id_serial: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+    pub id_imei: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+    pub id_meid: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+    pub id_manufacturer: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+    pub id_model: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+    pub id_second_imei: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+}
+
+pub struct GeneratedKeyPair {
+    pub private_key_pkcs8: Vec<u8>,
+}

scripts/package.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,262 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# Build, package, deploy, and verify TEESimulator module ZIPs.
+# Usage: ./scripts/package.sh [flags]
+#
+# Examples:
+#   ./scripts/package.sh --release                    # build release ZIP
+#   ./scripts/package.sh --all --clean                # clean build, both variants
+#   ./scripts/package.sh --release --deploy --reboot  # build, push, install, reboot
+#   ./scripts/package.sh --deploy --verify            # deploy latest ZIP + verify via logcat
+#   ./scripts/package.sh --rust --release             # build Rust crate first, then release
+set -euo pipefail
+
+SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")" && pwd)"
+PROJECT_ROOT="$(cd "$SCRIPT_DIR/.." && pwd)"
+OUT_DIR="$PROJECT_ROOT/out"
+
+VARIANT=""
+CLEAN=false
+DEPLOY=false
+REBOOT=false
+VERIFY=false
+BUILD_RUST=false
+CLEAR_KEYS=false
+TRACE=false
+ROOT_PROVIDER="ksu"
+
+red()    { printf '\033[0;31m%s\033[0m\n' "$*"; }
+green()  { printf '\033[0;32m%s\033[0m\n' "$*"; }
+yellow() { printf '\033[0;33m%s\033[0m\n' "$*"; }
+bold()   { printf '\033[1m%s\033[0m\n' "$*"; }
+
+usage() {
+    cat <<EOF
+Usage: $(basename "$0") [options]
+
+Build variants (pick one, or --all):
+  --release          Build release variant (default if none specified)
+  --debug            Build debug variant
+  --all              Build both debug and release
+
+Build options:
+  --clean            Run gradle clean before building
+  --rust             Build native-certgen Rust crate before Gradle
+
+Deploy options:
+  --deploy           Push ZIP to device and install
+  --reboot           Reboot device after install
+  --clear-keys       Clear persistent_keys before deploy
+  --verify           Run logcat verification after deploy
+  --root PROVIDER    Root provider: ksu (default), magisk, apatch
+
+Misc:
+  -v, --verbose      Print every command as it runs (set -x)
+  --help             Show this help
+EOF
+    exit 0
+}
+
+while [[ $# -gt 0 ]]; do
+    case "$1" in
+        --release)    VARIANT="release"; shift ;;
+        --debug)      VARIANT="debug"; shift ;;
+        --all)        VARIANT="all"; shift ;;
+        --clean)      CLEAN=true; shift ;;
+        --deploy)     DEPLOY=true; shift ;;
+        --reboot)     REBOOT=true; shift ;;
+        --verify)     VERIFY=true; shift ;;
+        --rust)       BUILD_RUST=true; shift ;;
+        --clear-keys) CLEAR_KEYS=true; shift ;;
+        -v|--verbose) TRACE=true; shift ;;
+        --root)       ROOT_PROVIDER="$2"; shift 2 ;;
+        --help|-h)    usage ;;
+        *)            red "Unknown flag: $1"; usage ;;
+    esac
+done
+
+[[ -z "$VARIANT" ]] && VARIANT="release"
+[[ "$TRACE" == true ]] && set -x
+
+case "$ROOT_PROVIDER" in
+    ksu)     INSTALL_CMD="ksud module install" ;;
+    magisk)  INSTALL_CMD="magisk --install-module" ;;
+    apatch)  INSTALL_CMD="/data/adb/apd module install" ;;
+    *)       red "Unknown root provider: $ROOT_PROVIDER"; exit 1 ;;
+esac
+
+build_rust() {
+    local cargo_toml="$PROJECT_ROOT/native-certgen/Cargo.toml"
+    if [[ ! -f "$cargo_toml" ]]; then
+        red "native-certgen/Cargo.toml not found — skipping Rust build"
+        return 0
+    fi
+
+    bold "==> Building native-certgen (aarch64)"
+
+    if ! command -v cargo-ndk &>/dev/null; then
+        red "cargo-ndk not found. Install: cargo install cargo-ndk"
+        exit 1
+    fi
+
+    (cd "$PROJECT_ROOT/native-certgen" && \
+        cargo ndk -t arm64-v8a --platform 29 -- build --release)
+
+    local so="$PROJECT_ROOT/native-certgen/target/aarch64-linux-android/release/libcertgen.so"
+    if [[ -f "$so" ]]; then
+        local size
+        size=$(du -h "$so" | cut -f1)
+        green "    libcertgen.so built ($size)"
+    else
+        red "    libcertgen.so not found after build"
+        exit 1
+    fi
+}
+
+gradle_build() {
+    local tasks=()
+
+    [[ "$CLEAN" == true ]] && tasks+=(clean)
+
+    case "$VARIANT" in
+        release) tasks+=(zipRelease) ;;
+        debug)   tasks+=(zipDebug) ;;
+        all)     tasks+=(zipDebug zipRelease) ;;
+    esac
+
+    bold "==> Gradle: ${tasks[*]}"
+    (cd "$PROJECT_ROOT" && ./gradlew "${tasks[@]}")
+}
+
+find_latest_zip() {
+    local pattern="$1"
+    ls -t "$OUT_DIR"/$pattern 2>/dev/null | head -1
+}
+
+deploy_zip() {
+    local zip="$1"
+    local name
+    name=$(basename "$zip")
+
+    if ! adb get-state &>/dev/null; then
+        red "No ADB device connected"
+        exit 1
+    fi
+
+    if [[ "$CLEAR_KEYS" == true ]]; then
+        bold "==> Clearing persistent_keys"
+        adb shell "rm -rf /data/adb/tricky_store/persistent_keys/*" 2>/dev/null || true
+    fi
+
+    bold "==> Deploying $name"
+    adb push "$zip" /data/local/tmp/module.zip
+    adb shell "su -c '$INSTALL_CMD /data/local/tmp/module.zip'"
+    green "    Installed via $ROOT_PROVIDER"
+
+    if [[ "$REBOOT" == true ]]; then
+        bold "==> Rebooting"
+        adb reboot
+        echo "    Waiting for device..."
+        adb wait-for-device
+        sleep 10
+        local pid
+        pid=$(adb shell "pidof TEESimulator" 2>/dev/null || true)
+        if [[ -n "$pid" ]]; then
+            green "    Daemon alive (PID $pid)"
+        else
+            yellow "    Daemon not yet started — check logcat"
+        fi
+    fi
+}
+
+verify_device() {
+    bold "==> Verification"
+
+    if ! adb get-state &>/dev/null; then
+        red "No ADB device connected"
+        exit 1
+    fi
+
+    local pid
+    pid=$(adb shell "pidof TEESimulator" 2>/dev/null || true)
+    if [[ -n "$pid" ]]; then
+        green "    Daemon: running (PID $pid)"
+    else
+        red "    Daemon: not running"
+    fi
+
+    local tee_status
+    tee_status=$(adb shell "cat /data/adb/tricky_store/tee_status.txt" 2>/dev/null || echo "N/A")
+    echo "    TEE status: $tee_status"
+
+    local sec_patch
+    sec_patch=$(adb shell "cat /data/adb/tricky_store/security_patch.txt" 2>/dev/null || echo "N/A")
+    echo "    Security patch config: $(echo "$sec_patch" | head -1)"
+
+    local errors
+    errors=$(adb logcat -d -s TEESimulator 2>/dev/null | \
+        grep -iE "error|exception" | \
+        grep -v "StrongBox\|SurfaceRuntime\|ClassLoader\|HARDWARE_TYPE_UNAVAILABLE" | \
+        wc -l)
+    if [[ "$errors" -eq 0 ]]; then
+        green "    Logcat errors: 0"
+    else
+        yellow "    Logcat errors: $errors (run: adb logcat -d -s TEESimulator | grep -iE 'error|exception')"
+    fi
+
+    local throttle_events
+    throttle_events=$(adb logcat -d -s TEESimulator 2>/dev/null | \
+        grep -cE "RATE_LIMITED|CONCURRENT_LIMITED" || true)
+    echo "    Rate limit events: $throttle_events"
+}
+
+print_summary() {
+    echo ""
+    bold "==> Build Summary"
+
+    local variants=()
+    case "$VARIANT" in
+        release) variants=(Release) ;;
+        debug)   variants=(Debug) ;;
+        all)     variants=(Debug Release) ;;
+    esac
+
+    for v in "${variants[@]}"; do
+        local zip
+        zip=$(find_latest_zip "*-${v}.zip")
+        if [[ -n "$zip" ]]; then
+            local size
+            size=$(du -h "$zip" | cut -f1)
+            green "    $v: $(basename "$zip") ($size)"
+        else
+            red "    $v: ZIP not found"
+        fi
+    done
+}
+
+# --- Main ---
+echo ""
+bold "TEESimulator package pipeline"
+echo ""
+
+[[ "$BUILD_RUST" == true ]] && build_rust
+
+gradle_build
+print_summary
+
+if [[ "$DEPLOY" == true ]]; then
+    local_variant="$VARIANT"
+    [[ "$local_variant" == "all" ]] && local_variant="release"
+
+    cap="${local_variant^}"
+    zip=$(find_latest_zip "*-${cap}.zip")
+    if [[ -z "$zip" ]]; then
+        red "No $cap ZIP found to deploy"
+        exit 1
+    fi
+    deploy_zip "$zip"
+fi
+
+[[ "$VERIFY" == true ]] && verify_device
+
+echo ""
+green "Done."

stub/src/main/java/android/app/ActivityThread.java

@@ -4,4 +4,12 @@ public class ActivityThread {
     public static void initializeMainlineModules() {
         throw new UnsupportedOperationException("STUB!");
     }
+
+    public static ActivityThread systemMain() {
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("STUB!");
+    }
+
+    public ContextImpl getSystemContext() {
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("STUB!");
+    }
 }

stub/src/main/java/android/app/ContextImpl.java

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+package android.app;
+
+public class ContextImpl {
+}

stub/src/main/java/android/hardware/security/keymint/BlockMode.java

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+package android.hardware.security.keymint;
+
+public @interface BlockMode {
+    public static final int ECB = 1;
+    public static final int CBC = 2;
+    public static final int CTR = 3;
+    public static final int GCM = 32;
+}

stub/src/main/java/android/hardware/security/keymint/PaddingMode.java

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+package android.hardware.security.keymint;
+
+public @interface PaddingMode {
+    public static final int NONE = 1;
+    public static final int RSA_OAEP = 2;
+    public static final int RSA_PSS = 3;
+    public static final int RSA_PKCS1_1_5_ENCRYPT = 4;
+    public static final int RSA_PKCS1_1_5_SIGN = 5;
+    public static final int PKCS7 = 64;
+}

stub/src/main/java/android/system/keystore2/CreateOperationResponse.java

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+package android.system.keystore2;
+
+import android.os.Parcel;
+import android.os.Parcelable;
+
+import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
+
+public class CreateOperationResponse implements Parcelable {
+    public IKeystoreOperation iOperation;
+
+    public OperationChallenge operationChallenge;
+
+    public KeyParameters parameters;
+
+    public byte[] upgradedBlob;
+
+    public static final Creator<CreateOperationResponse> CREATOR = new Creator<CreateOperationResponse>() {
+        @Override
+        public CreateOperationResponse createFromParcel(Parcel in) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("STUB!");
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public CreateOperationResponse[] newArray(int size) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("STUB!");
+        }
+    };
+
+    @Override
+    public int describeContents() {
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("STUB!");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void writeToParcel(@NonNull Parcel parcel, int i) {
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("STUB!");
+    }
+}

stub/src/main/java/android/system/keystore2/Domain.java

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+package android.system.keystore2;
+
+public @interface Domain {
+    public static final int APP = 0;
+    public static final int GRANT = 1;
+    public static final int SELINUX = 2;
+    public static final int BLOB = 3;
+    public static final int KEY_ID = 4;
+}

stub/src/main/java/android/system/keystore2/IKeystoreOperation.java

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+package android.system.keystore2;
+
+import android.os.IBinder;
+import android.os.Binder;
+import android.os.IInterface;
+
+public interface IKeystoreOperation extends IInterface {
+    public static final java.lang.String DESCRIPTOR = "android.system.keystore2.IKeystoreOperation";
+
+    public void updateAad(byte[] aadInput);
+
+    public byte[] update(byte[] input);
+
+    public byte[] finish(byte[] input, byte[] signature);
+
+    public void abort() throws android.os.RemoteException;
+
+    abstract class Stub extends Binder implements IKeystoreOperation {
+        public static IKeystoreOperation asInterface(IBinder b) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("STUB!");
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public IBinder asBinder() {
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void updateAad(byte[] aadInput) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("STUB!");
+        }
+    }
+}

stub/src/main/java/android/system/keystore2/KeyParameters.java

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+package android.system.keystore2;
+
+import android.os.Parcel;
+import android.os.Parcelable;
+import android.hardware.security.keymint.KeyParameter;
+
+import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
+
+public class KeyParameters implements Parcelable {
+    public KeyParameter[] keyParameter;
+
+    public static final Creator<KeyParameters> CREATOR = new Creator<KeyParameters>() {
+        @Override
+        public KeyParameters createFromParcel(Parcel in) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("STUB!");
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public KeyParameters[] newArray(int size) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("STUB!");
+        }
+    };
+
+    @Override
+    public int describeContents() {
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("STUB!");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void writeToParcel(@NonNull Parcel parcel, int i) {
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("STUB!");
+    }
+}
+

stub/src/main/java/android/system/keystore2/OperationChallenge.java

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+package android.system.keystore2;
+
+import android.os.Parcel;
+import android.os.Parcelable;
+
+import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
+
+public class OperationChallenge implements Parcelable {
+    public long challenge = 0L;
+
+    public static final Creator<OperationChallenge> CREATOR = new Creator<OperationChallenge>() {
+        @Override
+        public OperationChallenge createFromParcel(Parcel in) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("STUB!");
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public OperationChallenge[] newArray(int size) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("STUB!");
+        }
+    };
+
+    @Override
+    public int describeContents() {
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("STUB!");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void writeToParcel(@NonNull Parcel parcel, int i) {
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("STUB!");
+    }
+}